Exploring family origins of perfectionism: The impact of interparental conflict and parenting behaviors

The intergenerational transmission of perfectionism: Fathers' other-oriented perfectionism and daughters' perceived psychological control uniquely predict daughters' self-critical and personal standards perfectionism

“…One such factor, supported by over 75 years of theory, is parental psychological control. Indeed, compelling evidence suggests people who perceive their parents as guilt-inducing, as disregarding their point of view, and as responsive only when lofty parental standards are met, report higher self-critical perfectionism and higher personal standards perfectionism (Gong et al, 2016;Reilly et al, 2016;Soenens et al, 2005aSoenens et al, , 2005bSoenens et al, , 2008. But, attributing the etiology of self-critical perfectionism and personal standards perfectionism solely to individual factors (e.g., Reilly et al, 2016), without considering the wider interpersonal context (e.g., family relationships), paints an incomplete picture of perfectionism's origins.…”

“…In support, Soenens et al, (2005a) found perceived parental control displayed small-to-moderate positive associations with concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, and personal standards (but parents' self-reports of their psychological control were unrelated to of these same variables). Likewise, Soenens et al (2005bSoenens et al ( , 2008 and Gong, Paulson, and Wang (2016) reported perceived parental control predicted concern over mistakes, doubts about actions, and personal standards. Similarly, Reilly, Stey, and Lapsley (2016) found a moderate positive relationship between perceived parental control and socially prescribed perfectionism.…”

“…Moreover, we advanced research on psychological control and perfectionism in two key ways. First, most research on psychological control and perfectionism uses mono-source designs (Gong et al, 2016;Reilly et al, 2016). Such designs are useful, but represent a single perspective on what could be a dyadic problem.…”

The Role of Parental Reflective Functioning in the Relation between Parents’ Self-Critical Perfectionism and Psychologically Controlling Parenting Towards Adolescents

“…Why are some parents more prone to rely on psychological controlling strategies than others? There is increasing evidence that various sources of influence affect the use of psychological control, including contextual determinants (e.g., inter-parental conflict; Gong, Paulson, & Wang, 2016), child characteristics (e.g., poor school achievement; Pomerantz & Eaton, 2001), and parent characteristics (e.g., personality; Prinzie, Stams, Dekovic, Reijntjes, & Belsky, 2009;Soenens et al, 2005). Of these sources of influence, parents' own psychological characteristics have been argued to be most proximally related to the use of psychological control (Barber, Bean, & Erickson, 2002).…”

Parenting Styles and Adolescents’ School Adjustment: Investigating the Mediating Role of Achievement Goals within the 2 × 2 Framework

“…However, Diaconu-Gherasim and Măirean (2016) reported that parental rejection was negatively associated with mastery avoidance goals, but parental autonomy was positively associated with mastery avoidance goals. Gong et al (2016) provided additional indirect evidence regarding the influence of parenting styles on mastery avoidance goals and reported positive associations between parental autonomy support and perfectionistic strivings, in addition to positive associations between parental psychological control and perfectionistic strivings and concerns. Because individuals who endorse mastery avoidance goals may be perfectionists and strive to avoid making mistakes ( Pintrich, 2000 ; Elliot and McGregor, 2001 ), Gong et al’s (2016) study provides additional indirect evidence for the assumption that both parental autonomy support and psychological control may positively predict adolescents’ mastery avoidance goals.…”