Exploratory, cognitive, and depressive-like behaviors in adult and pediatric mice exposed to controlled cortical impact

Abstract

Objective Sequelae of behavioral impairments associated with human traumatic brain injury (TBI) include neurobehavioral problems. We compared exploratory, cognitive, and depressive-like behaviors in pediatric and adult male mice exposed to controlled cortical impact (CCI). Methods Pediatric (21 to 25 days old) and adult (8 to 12 weeks old) male C57Bl/6 mice underwent CCI at a 2-mm depth of deflection. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed 3 to 7 days after recovery from CCI, and injury volume was analyzed using ImageJ. Neurobehavioral characterization after CCI was performed using the Barnes maze test (BMT), passive avoidance test, open-field test, light/dark test, tail suspension test, and rotarod test. Acutely and subacutely (3 and 7 days after CCI, respectively), CCI mice showed graded injury compared to sham mice for all analyzed deflection depths. Results Time-dependent differences in injury volume were noted between 3 and 7 days following 2-mm TBI in adult mice. In the BMT, 2-mm TBI adults showed spatial memory deficits compared to sham adults (P<0.05). However, no difference in spatial learning and memory was found between sham and 2-mm CCI groups among pediatric mice. The open-field test, light/dark test, and tail suspension test did not reveal differences in anxiety-like behaviors in both age groups. Conclusion Our findings revealed a graded injury response in both age groups. The BMT was an efficient cognitive test for assessing spatial/non-spatial learning following CCI in adult mice; however, spatial learning impairments in pediatric mice could not be assessed.

Magnesium acetyl taurate prevents tissue damage and deterioration of prosocial behavior related with vasopressin levels in traumatic brain injured rats

“…The previous measurements in experimental TBI models mostly focused on cognitive abilities and anxiety-depression assessment. These studies indicated that cognitive deficits, anxiety-like behaviour and depression do not occur in acute and chronic periods following TBI (27,37). Our anxiety-like behaviour and depression measurements were consistent with the results of these studies.…”

Secondary hypoxic ischemia alters neurobehavioral outcomes, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in mice exposed to controlled cortical impact

“…The BMT is an efficient cognitive task test to assess spatial/non-spatial learning following CCI injury in adult mice. 31 Compared to CCI alone, additional HI aggravated spatial learning and memory. Hippocampal lesions have deleterious effects on the ability to discriminate fear-associated contexts from a neutral environment.…”

“…30 We previously reported that 2.0-mm CCI injury resulted in significant spatial learning and memory deficits when compared to sham animals. 31 Here, we employed three behavioral paradigms to assess learning and memory over 3 weeks. The BMT is an efficient cognitive task test to assess spatial/non-spatial learning following CCI injury in adult mice.…”

The inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in improving inflammatory response after traumatic brain injury

“…KU0063794 treatment more efficacy than rapamycin group improved latency compared with TBI group (Figure 1D,E , respectively). Additionally, as neurological deficit, increased depression and anxiety are often reported by individuals with TBI, 23 TST was performed to evaluate the neurological function. Treatment with KU0063794, more efficacy than rapamycin, leads to a significant reduction of immobility time in TBI‐injured mice (Figure 1F ), compared with TBI‐vehicle group (Figure 1F ).…”