Exploration of Prehistoric Sites in the Karama Watershed, West Sulawesi, Indonesia: From Early Occupation Until the Metal Age

Fakhri,; SURYATMAN, SURYATMAN; Hakim, Budianto; Sardi, Ratno

doi:10.7152/jipa.v39i0.14786

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…However, Austronesian occupancy in Karama Drainage also indicates their involvement in maritime shipping and trade that occurred at that time. Besides glass beads, other evidence has also been reported but not supported by dating and stratigraphic data is Buddhist statue which Amarawati type from Sikendeng Site in 1933 (Simanjuntak et al, 2007) and cornelian glass beads on Lattibung Site, Karama drainage downstream (Fakhri et al, 2015) and Tabun Cave Site in Karama drainage upstream (Anggraeni, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings mixed into one with polished stones and chunks of volcanic material. The dating data of Layer 3 from T2 S1 square depth of 80-90 cm from datum line (spit 9) showed 111 cal BCE to 83 CE and depth of 90-100 cm from datum line (spit 10) showed 172 cal BCE to 55 CE (Fakhri et al, 2015). The feature layer was also seen on the west side wall of B1 S2 square and the north side wall and east side of T8 S3 square.…”

Section: Stratigraphy and Cultural Layermentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Iron slag from spit 9 T2 S1 square (11A), metal artifact hookshaped from spit 3 B3 S1 square (111B), a metal artifact from spit 5 B1 S3 square (11C), spit 7 B1 S2 square (1D) spit 6 B1 S3 square (11E). A scale of 2 cm (Source: Balai Arkeologi Sulawesi Selatan, 2014, 2016, Fakhri et al, 2015…”

Section: Slag and Metal Artifactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A scale of 2 cm (Source: Balai Arkeologi Sulawesi Selatan, 2014, 2016, 2017, Fakhri et al, 2015 Cog stone artifact has a diameter about 10 cm, from Layer 3 spit 11 in T2 S1 square. The artifact has a circular shape with symmetrical teeth around its perimeter, resembling the shape of a gear used on machine tools (see Figure 12A).…”

Section: Stone Artifactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The site's findings were first reported in 2015 by a survey team funded by The Anthony F. Granucci Fund for Archaeological Research in Indonesia and Timor Leste. The excavation was conducted three months after the discovery and indicated a culture layer that was in situ by date of 172 cal BCE to 55 CE and 111 cal BCE to 83 CE (Fakhri, Suryatman, Hakim, & Sardi, 2015). There were thousands of pottery sherds found in this layers which have related context with metal artifacts, metal slag, glass beads, glass bracelet fragments, barkcloth beater stones, and symmetrical polished stone cog artifacts (Hakim et al, 2014;Suryatman, Hakim, & Fakhri, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prehistoric Occupation at Sakkarra Site as Early Metal Phase Tradition and Neolithic Culture Along the Karama Drainage, West Sulawesi

Suryatman

Hakim

Fakhri

et al. 2018

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Situs Lembah Karama adalah kawasan hunian prasejarah, yang mengandung banyak data arkeologis untuk mengungkap sejarah kedatangan dan perkembangan budaya penutur Austronesia di Sulawesi. Mereka bermukim di sepanjang Lembah Karama sejak 3.800 tahun yang lalu, terus bertahan dan menyebar untuk mengembangkan pengetahuan logam ke daerah lain, baik hilir dan pedalaman Sulawesi. Lapisan budaya in situ ditemukan pada penggalian tahun 2014 dengan penanggalan sekitar 172 cal BCE hingga 55 CE. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan budaya fase logam awal di Situs Sakkarra berdasarkan data penelitian terkini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menganalisis lapisan budaya berdasarkan pengamatan stratigrafi, konteks, dan temuan artefak dari beberapa data ekskavasi yang dilakukan pada tahun 2014, 2016 dan 2017. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada indikasi hunian yang lebih tua, yaitu fase Neolitik, hingga berlanjut ke fase logam awal di Sakkarra. Namun, periode ini tidak berlangsung lama, sebelum akhirnya memasuki tahap hunian intensif 2.000 tahun yang lalu. Tradisi budaya neolitik belum menghilang dan masih melekat dalam tatanan budaya mereka ketika pengetahuan logam mulai hadir di kawasan Lembah Karama. Kesinambungan budaya tercermin dalam pemeliharaan tradisi teknologi Neolitik seperti pembuatan tembikar dan alat-alat batu yang diupam. Lapisan budaya di Situs Sakkara menunjukkan adanya hunian penutur Austronesia yang berlanjut dari fase Neolitik ke fase logam awal di Lembah Karama. Bahkan mereka secara aktif terlibat dalam interaksi perdagangan yang telah terjalin di antara pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara pada waktu itu.The Karama drainage region is a prehistoric occupation site, which contains many archaeological data to uncover the history of the arrival and development of the Austronesian-speakers culture in Sulawesi. They have occupied along the Karama drainage since 3,800 years ago, continue to persist and spread to develop of metal knowledge to other areas, both downstream and inland Sulawesi. The in situ cultural layers found on excavations of 2014 with dating around 172 cal BCE to 55 CE. The aim of the study is described of early metal phase culture in Sakkarra Site based on the latest research data. This study used qualitative methods to analyses of cultural layers based on stratigraphic observations, contexts, and artifact findings from several data of excavation conducted in 2014, 2016 and 2017. The research result shows there is an indication of older occupation, which is the Neolithic phase, continued unabated into the Early Metal Phase at Sakkarra. However, this period does not last long, before finally entering the stage of intensive occupancy by 2,000 years ago. Neolithic cultural traditions have not disappeared and still inherent in their cultural order when metal knowledge begins to present in Karama Drainage. Cultural continuity is reflected in the maintenance of Neolithic technological traditions such as the manufacture of earthenware pottery and polished stone tools. The cultural layer in Sakkara Site indicates the existence of Austronesian speakers' occupation that continues from the Neolithic phase to the initial metal phase in Karama Drainage. Even they are actively involved in the shipping and trade that had intertwined among the islands in Southeast Asia at that time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stratigraphy and Cultural Layermentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Slag and Metal Artifactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stone Artifactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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