“…Despite the demand for various educational innovations within the field of education based on remote and digital paradigms, prompted by the changes induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, it has not been easy for educators to keep up with the rapidly changing trends in the field of education. The expansion of distance learning due to COVID-19 has brought about many changes to the educational field, but distance learning that was conducted in response to the emergency conditions of the pandemic brought numerous problems to light, such as lack of infrastructure (Kruszewska et al, 2022), difficulty in using digital devices Shagiakhmetova et al, 2022), limitations in using teaching methods (Shagiakhmetova et al, 2022), and challenges in equitable evaluation (Jung et al, 2020). In particular, elementary school students experienced more challenges in adapting to distance learning compared to middle or high school students, so elementary school educators were required to demonstrate greater capacities in designing, implementing, and assessing distance learning (Ben-Amram & Davidovitch, 2021;Taimur et al, 2021;van Wyk, 2021;Wang et al, 2021).…”