Exploration of alternative supply chains and distributed manufacturing in response to COVID-19; a case study of medical face shields

Shokrani, Alborz; Loukaides, Evripides G.; Elias, Edward; Lunt, Alexander J.G.

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108749

Cited by 118 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Lassa et al (2019) stated that every food system is impacted by the disaster. A quick response to this problem is required to simplify the foodsupply chain (Shokrani et al, 2020).…”

Section: Food Security Post-covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19, Agriculture, and Food Security in Indonesia

Rozaki

2020

RAS

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COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted every part of human life, both economic and non-economic, including agriculture. As a country where many people still rely on agriculture, Indonesia faces a complicated situation if the pandemic continues because food production will be affected. Indonesia announced its first COVID-19 case in March 2020; in response to this, the government applied limitations on economic and non-economic activities. These actions slowed the commercial and industrial sectors, and many people lost their jobs, with middle-and low-income citizens being the hardest hit. The situation presents a high risk for food security due to the decrease in purchasing power and food supply chains not being able to run normally. This study aims to arrange food security strategies post-COVID-19 pandemic. This paper presents, to overcome the food-security issue after COVID-19 in Indonesia, emergency strategies such as controlling food price and providing subsidies for farmer are needed. And long term strategies such as making the food supply chain more effective and increasing food diversification also required. All people and parties need to participate in every relief program for any program to fight the COVID-19 pandemic to succeed.

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“…Lassa et al (2019) stated that every food system is impacted by the disaster. A quick response to this problem is required to simplify the foodsupply chain (Shokrani et al, 2020).…”

Section: Food Security Post-covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19, Agriculture, and Food Security in Indonesia

Rozaki

2020

RAS

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“…Many countries around the world have used the FDM process to produce cost-effective medical face shields [35][36][41][42][43][44][45][46]. However, due to process' heterogeneity, some devices have been produced with no standardized procedure or medical approval.…”

Section: Design and Usabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though some authors claim that the FDM is a slow process and not suitable for mass production of face shields [35,43,46], the IM process, in contrast, requires skilled operators and relatively costly materials and equipment to be carried out. None of the additive manufacturing technologies is yet able to practically replace IM for medium-and high production volumes [49].…”

Section: Qualitative Comparison Of Fdm and Im Processes To Produce Famentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mass-production and Distribution of Medical Face Shields Using Additive Manufacturing and Injection Molding Process for Healthcare System Support During COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil

Kunkel

Vasques

Perfeito

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Face shields have been adopted worldwide as personal protective equipment for healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. This device provides a transparent facial physical barrier reducing the exposure to aerosol particles. The fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most applied process of additive manufacturing due to its usability and low-cost. The injection molding (IM) is the fastest process for mass production. This study is the first to perform a qualitative comparison between the use of FDM and IM processes for mass production and rapid distribution of face shields in a pandemic. The design of the face shield and tests were conducted in prototyping cycles based on requirements of medical, Brazilian standards, manufacturing, and production. The FDM face shields manufacturing was carried out by a volunteer network, and the IM manufacturing was carried out by companies. The volunteers produced 35,000 medical face shields through the FDM process with daily delivery to several hospitals. A total of 80,000 face shields was produced by the IM process and delivered to remote Brazilian regions. The mass production of 115,000 face shields protected health professionals from public hospitals in all states of Brazil. In a pandemic, both FDM and IM processes are suitable for mass production of face shields. Once a committed network of volunteers is formed in strategic regions, the FDM process promotes a fast daily production. The IM process is the best option for large scale production of face shields and delivery to remote areas where access to 3D printing is reduced.

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“…The rapid spread of COVID-19 created temporary shortages of medical equipment like ventilators [5][6][7] and personal protective equipment (PPE) [8][9][10][11][12]. There has been an explosion of distributed manufacturing [13] (where products are made at the local level in small companies [14], makerspaces and fab labs [15,16] and even at the personal level [17][18][19][20][21]) to overcome these shortages of medical supplies [22][23][24][25]. Distributed manufacturing with 3-D printing has been used to effectively manufacture custom parts for breathing apparatuses [26] and perhaps most importantly for PPE to help reduce the spread of the disease [27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Hardware In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open Source High-Temperature RepRap for 3-D Printing Heat-Sterilizable PPE and Other Applications

Skrzypczak¹,

Tanikella²,

Pearce³

2020

Preprint

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Thermal sterilization is generally avoided for 3-D printed components because of the relatively low deformation temperatures for common thermoplastics used for material extrusion-based additive manufacturing. 3-D printing materials required for high-temperature heat sterilizable components for COVID-19 and other applications demands 3-D printers with heated beds, hot ends that can reach higher temperatures than polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hot ends and heated chambers to avoid part warping and delamination. There are several high temperature printers on the market, but their high costs make them inaccessible for full home-based distributed manufacturing required during pandemic lockdowns. To allow for all these requirements to be met for under $1,000, the Cerberus – an open source three-headed self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) was designed and tested with the following capabilities: i) 200oC-capable heated bed, ii) 500oC-capabel hot end, iii) isolated heated chamber with 1kW space heater core and iv) mains voltage chamber and bed heating for rapid start. The Cereberus successfully prints polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) and polyetherimide (PEI, ULTEM) with tensile strengths of 77.5 and 80.5 MPa, respectively. As a case study, open source face masks were 3-D printed in PEKK and shown not to warp upon widely home-accessible oven-based sterilization.

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Exploration of alternative supply chains and distributed manufacturing in response to COVID-19; a case study of medical face shields

Cited by 118 publications

References 1 publication

COVID-19, Agriculture, and Food Security in Indonesia

COVID-19, Agriculture, and Food Security in Indonesia

Mass-production and Distribution of Medical Face Shields Using Additive Manufacturing and Injection Molding Process for Healthcare System Support During COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil

Open Source High-Temperature RepRap for 3-D Printing Heat-Sterilizable PPE and Other Applications

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