Expertise and Gambling: Using Type 2 Signal Detection Theory to Investigate Differences between Regular Gamblers and Nongamblers

Lueddeke, Sara E.; Higham, Philip A.

doi:10.1080/17470218.2011.584631

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This argument can be supported by the finding that experience is related to increased sensitivity to signal changes (Lueddeke and Higham 2011). This argument is also consistent with the finding that signal repetition is related to correct detection of the signal (Higham et al 2009).…”

Section: Signal Detection Theory and Identification Of Potential Predsupporting

confidence: 79%

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Why Can Some Service Employees Provide Service of a Consistently High Quality While Others Cannot?

Lee¹,

Lu²,

Fu³

et al. 2017

Service Science

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Abstract.Variation in service quality results in service failure and subsequent customer defection, and thus knowing how to manage such variation is critical for service managers. However, little is known about why, and at which workplaces, some service employees can provide service of a consistently high quality but others cannot. This study addresses this issue using the perspective of signal detection theory. Multiplesource and matched data from 160 nurses and 480 patients were used for the analysis. We found that job tenure was negatively related to variation in all dimensions of service quality. Moreover, control over practice interacts with job tenure and expertise to impact service variation and the average level of all dimensions of service quality. These factors interactively determine whether service employees can provide a consistently high quality of service. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study addressing this issue by examining viable employee and workplace characteristics. The findings provide a means for service managers to ensure a consistently high level of service quality.

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Section: Signal Detection Theory and Identification Of Potential Predsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Moreover, the signal detection theory posits that experience helps improve sensitivity to signal changes (Lueddeke and Higham 2011). Experience helps an individual to identify a signal that appears repetitively, increasing the detection of the signal (Higham et al 2009).…”

Section: Formulation Of Service Quality Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Can Some Service Employees Provide Service of a Consistently High Quality While Others Cannot?

Lee¹,

Lu²,

Fu³

et al. 2017

Service Science

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“…The first is Koriat and Goldsmith's (1996) framework that incorporates the quantity-accuracy profile (QAP) methodology (e.g., Halamish et al, 2012;see Goldsmith & Koriat, 2008, for a review). The second is type-2 signal detection theory (SDT), advocated by colleagues (e.g., Higham, 2002, 2007;Higham & Arnold, 2007;Lueddeke & Higham, 2011; see also Higham, 2011, andGoldsmith, 2011, for discussions of the various merits and drawbacks of each approach). Both frameworks were originally developed to evaluate performance on tasks that incorporated a report option (the option to pass or withhold responses) that might be used to regulate memory accuracy.…”

Section: Separating Early-and Late-selection Processes In Recallmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociating early- and late-selection processes in recall: The mixed blessing of categorized study lists

Guzel

Higham

2013

Mem Cogn

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Two experiments are reported in which we used type-2 signal detection theory to separate the effects of semantic categorization on early-and late-selection processes in free and cued recall. In Experiment 1, participants studied cue-target pairs for which the targets belonged to two, six, or 24 semantic categories, and later the participants were required to recall the targets either with (cued recall) or without (free recall) the studied cues. A confidence rating and a report decision were also required, so that we could compute both forced-report quantity and metacognitive resolution (type-2 discrimination), which served as our estimates of early-and late-selection processes, respectively. Consistent with prior research, having fewer categories enhanced the early-selection process (in performance, two > six > 24 categories). However, in contrast, the late-selection process was impaired (24 > six = two categories). In Experiment 2, encoding of paired associates, for which the targets belonged to either two or 20 semantic categories, was manipulated by having participants either form interactive images or engage in rote repetition. Having fewer categories again was associated with enhanced early selection (two > 20 categories); this effect was greater for rote repetition than for interactive imagery, and greater for free recall than for cued recall. However, late selection again showed the opposite pattern (20 > two categories), even with interactive-imagery encoding, which formed distinctive, individuated memory traces. The results are discussed in terms of early-and late-selection processes in retrieval, as well as overt versus covert recognition.Keywords Recall . Recognition . Metamemory . Categorization . Type 2 signal detection theory It has been well documented that semantic or categorical relatedness between study items (e.g., study lists composed of exemplars from semantic categories) has a facilitative effect on recall, as compared to no relationship between

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“…Koriat, 2012), gambling (e.g. Lueddeke & Higham, 2011), development (e.g. Beck, McColgan, Robinson & Rowley, 2011), cognitive differences between species (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measures of metacognition on signal-detection theoretic models.

Barrett

Dienes

Seth

2013

Psychological Methods

157

209

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Analysing metacognition, specifically knowledge of accuracy of internal perceptual, memorial or other knowledge states, is vital for many strands of psychology, including determining the accuracy of feelings of knowing, and discriminating conscious from unconscious cognition. Quantifying metacognitive sensitivity is however more challenging than quantifying basic stimulus sensitivity. Under popular signal detection theory (SDT) models for stimulus classification tasks, approaches based on type II receiver-operator Keywords: metacognition; signal-detection theory; modeling; meta-d ′ ; confidence; discrimination 3 Metacognition, and in particular the ability to assess the accuracy of knowledge states, is fundamental to understanding executive processes (e.g. Koriat, 2007) that G is sensitive to bias (i.e. a priori disposition to respond in one way or another), and thus not ideal. They recommended a signal detection approach instead. Here we will pursue the use of signal detection theory (SDT) to determine the suitability of the different signal detection measures of association available for assessing metacognition.SDT has been a major innovation in psychology and neuroscience, proving extremely useful for measuring stimulus discrimination accuracy independently of response bias (Lau & Passingham, 2006;Lau, 2008;Macmillan & Creelman, 2005). In a typical stimulus discrimination study subjects encounter many trials, in each of which they make a forced-choice response, classifying a stimulus as either present versus absent, or as 'type A' versus 'type B'. SDT posits that the discrimination decision on this so-called 'type I' task is based on internally generated evidence that follows distinct Gaussian probability distributions in the respective scenarios of 'absent' and 'present' (see 4 Figure 1 and e.g. Macmillan & Creelman, 2005). The fundamental SDT measure of discrimination performance, 'type I d-prime', is defined theoretically as the difference between the means divided by the standard deviation of the 'absent' distribution. 1 SDT further assumes a decision threshold (or criterion) determining whether the subject responds 'absent' or 'present', allowing each trial to be classified as a hit, miss, false alarm, or correct rejection. On this model, type I d-prime is by definition independent of this decision threshold and is therefore insensitive to response bias.Given the success of SDT in measuring type I stimulus discrimination, there has been a natural motivation to apply it also to the so-called type II, or metacognitive, task We first consider 'type II d-prime', which is computed from type II hit and false alarm rates using the directly analogous formula to type I d-prime (a type II hit [false An alternative to type II d-prime that has received some support (Kolb & Braun, 1995;Wilimzig, Tsuchiya, Fahle, Einhuser, & Koch, 2008;Clifford, Arabzadeh & Harris, 2008;Masson & Rotello, 2009) is the use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to assess type II behaviour. A type I ROC curve charact...

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Expertise and Gambling: Using Type 2 Signal Detection Theory to Investigate Differences between Regular Gamblers and Nongamblers

Cited by 15 publications

References 61 publications

Why Can Some Service Employees Provide Service of a Consistently High Quality While Others Cannot?

Why Can Some Service Employees Provide Service of a Consistently High Quality While Others Cannot?

Dissociating early- and late-selection processes in recall: The mixed blessing of categorized study lists

Measures of metacognition on signal-detection theoretic models.

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