Experiments on Formation of Contorted Structures in Mud

Folding in intertidal sediments on the west Lancashire Coast, England

“…The 'loading effects' would also include any stress from the current transmitted through the bedform. This suggestion is supported by some of the experiments of McKee, Reynolds & Baker (1962), McKee & Goldberg (1969) and Rettger (1935). The following hypothesis is put forward to explain their development.…”

Interpreting ancient marine seismites and apparent epicentral areas for paleo-earthquakes, Middle Ordovician Lexington Limestone, central Kentucky

“…Depositional loading of coarser, denser sands over finer, water-saturated silts and clays may also cause soft-sediment deformation (e.g., McKee and Goldberg, 1969;Obermeier, 1996), but in the Brannon deep-ramp setting, the only major source of coarser materials would have been storms. Although distal storm sediments are common in the Brannon Member (Kulp, 1995), the predominant silt-and fine-sand-size sediments in these deposits seem incapable of generating the necessary load and density differences to produce deformation; otherwise, deformation would be found nearly everywhere in the Brannon, but it is simply not present beyond the three noted horizons.…”

The life cycle of seismite research

“…If sufficient research in this topic were carried out, it might become clear whether there is in practice a difference between seismogenic and non-seismogenic SSDS that might be recognised in the field; a difference that thus far has not been found in experiments that just dealt with SSDS (e.g. Rettger, 1935;Kuenen, 1958;Dżułyński & Walton, 1966;McKee & Goldberg, 1969;Owen, 1987;Nichols et al, 1994) or with the SSDS resulting from shocks, for instance by shaking equipment (e.g. Rogers, 1930;Goodman & Appuhn, 1966;Anketell et al, 1969Anketell et al, , 1970Owen, 1985Owen, , 1996Koga & Matsuoto, 1990;Moretti et al, 1999).…”