Experimental Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella co-infection in chickens

Hiob, Lysanne; Koethe, Martin; Schares, Gereon; Goroll, T.; Daugschies, Arwid; Bangoura, Berit

doi:10.1007/s00436-017-5636-2

Cited by 18 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…However, to the best of our knowledge, there is only one published study of Eimeria spp. co-infection with T. gondii [ 19 ] , probably because of the widely assumed sub-clinical character of toxoplasmosis in chickens [ 4 ]. The lack in primary clinical presentation does not necessarily imply that T. gondii infections may not influence the course of other infectious diseases in chickens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, it appears likely that simultaneous appearance of these two apicomplexan parasites may affect the reaction of host macrophages to parasite infection. Experimental in vivo studies revealed a partial mutual interaction between T. gondii and E. tenella [ 19 ] in chickens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Induced NO production by macrophages is generally related to cytokines such as IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) which play a vital role in immunity of chicken against coccidiosis and toxoplasmosis [ 31 , 32 ]. Various effects of in vivo co-infection of T. gondii and E. tenella in chickens [ 19 ] were observed on IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mutual interactions of the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella with cultured poultry macrophages

et al. 2018

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BackgroundToxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella are two common parasites in poultry. Mixed infections are likely to occur frequently in chickens due to the high prevalence of both pathogens. In this study, we investigate the co-occurrence of the two pathogens in the same immunocompetent host cell population towards potential parasite-parasite as well as altered patterns of parasite-host interactions.MethodsPrimary macrophages from chicken blood were co-infected in vitro with T. gondii tachyzoites (RH strain) and E. tenella sporozoites (Houghton strain) for 72 h. Morphological observations by light microscopy and assessments of parasite replication by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were performed at 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection (hpi). Six host cell immune factors previously linked to T. gondii or E. tenella infection were selected for gene expression analysis in this study.ResultsDistinct morphological changes of macrophages were observed during mixed infection at 24 hpi and immunological activation of host cells was obvious. Macrophage mRNA expression for iNOS at 48 hpi and for TNF-α at 72 hpi were significantly elevated after mixed infection. Distinct upregulation of IL-10 was also present during co-infection compared to Eimeria mono-infection at 48 and 72 hpi. At 72 hpi, the total number of macrophages as well as the number of both parasites decreased markedly. As measured by qPCR, E. tenella population tended to increase during T. gondii co-infection, while T. gondii replication was not distinctly altered.ConclusionsMutual interactions of T. gondii and E. tenella were observed in the selected co-infection model. The interactions are supposed to be indirect considering the observed changes in host cell metabolism. This study would thus help understanding the course of co-infection in chickens that may be relevant in terms of veterinary and zoonotic considerations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mutual interactions of the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella with cultured poultry macrophages

et al. 2018

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“…Normally, the ratio of Th1/Th2 is in dynamic balance, which may be disrupted by specific antigen stimulation and results in a drift of Th1/Th2 cell subsets. IFN-γ can promote the differentiation of Th0 into Th1 cells, while IL-4 is necessary for the differentiation of Th2 cells [36,37]. Compared with control group S. japonicum infection dramatically increased the serum IFN-γ levels of the hosts.…”

Section: Structure Succession Analysis Of Gut Microbiota Community Comentioning

confidence: 95%

Prior Toxoplasma Gondii Infection Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis Induced by Schistosoma Japonicum through Inhibiting Th2 Response and Improving Balance of Intestinal Flora in Mice

Cheng

Miao

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Schistosomiasis is an immunopathogenic disease in which a T helper (Th) cell type 2-like response plays vital roles. Hepatic fibrosis is its main pathologic manifestations, which is the leading cause of hepatic cirrhosis. Co-infections of Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) with other pathogens are frequently encountered but are easily ignored in clinical studies, and effective therapeutic interventions are lacking. In this study, we explored the effect of Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) prior infection on Th1/Th2 response, community shifts in gut microbiome (GM), and the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis in murine hosts. Mice were prior infected with Tg before Sj infection. The effects of co-infection on Th1/Th2 response and hepatic fibrosis were analyzed. Furthermore, we investigated this issue by sequencing 16S rRNA from fecal specimens to define the GM profiles during co-infection. Tg prior infection markedly reduced the granuloma size and collagen deposit in livers against Sj infection. Prior infection promoted a shift toward Th1 immune response instead of Th2. Furthermore, Tg infection promoted the expansion of preponderant flora and Clostridiaceae was identified as a feature marker in the GM of the co-infection group. Redundancy analysis (RDA)/canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) results showed that liver fibrosis, Th1/Th2 cytokines were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with the GM compositions. Tg infection inhibits hepatic fibrosis by downregulating Th2 immune response against Sj infection, and further promotes the GM shifts through “gut–liver axis” in the murine hosts. Our study may provide insights into potential anti-fibrosis strategies in co-infection individuals.

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“…In spite of high seroprevalence rates reported for both T. gondii and E. tenella in chickens, little is known to date about the mutual interplay between these two parasites, particularly during host cell invasion. Experimental in vivo and ex vivo co-infection models in chicken macrophages were established recently and thus suitable tools are now available for further co-infection studies [19,20].…”

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confidence: 99%

Monocyte-derived chicken macrophages exposed to Eimeria tenella sporozoites display reduced susceptibility to invasion by Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites

Zhang

Zheng

Daugschies

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Both Eimeria (E.) tenella and Toxoplasma (T.) gondii are common apicomplexan parasites in chickens. Host cell invasion by both protozoans includes gliding motility, host cell attachment and active penetration. Chicken macrophages as phagocytic cells participate in the innate host immune response against these two parasites. Methods: In this study, primary chicken monocyte-derived macrophages (MMs) were infected with both pathogens to investigate mutual and host-parasite interactions. MMs cultures were assigned to groups that were infected with E. tenella, T. gondii, or both. In co-infected cultures, MMs were first exposed to E. tenella sporozoites for 2 hours. Afterwards, T. gondii tachyzoite infection was performed. Live-cell imaging was carried out to observe cell invasion and survival of T. gondii by single parasite tracking over a period of 20 hours post infection (hpi). Quantitative analysis for parasite replication was performed at 2, 6, 12 and 24 hpi by real-time PCR (qPCR).Results: We found that during early co-infection T. gondii tachyzoites adhered for more than 4 hours to macrophages. Although they displayed high motility, ability to penetrate the cell membrane of the potential host cell was reduced. qPCR results confirmed that significantly less T. gondii entered E. tenella-activated MMs at 2 hpi, and a reduced proportion of intracellular T. gondii survived and replicated in these cells at 24 hpi. Conclusions: We conclude that E. tenella modulates host cell responses to another apicomplexan agent, T. gondii, reducing active invasion and multiplication in chicken primary macrophages.

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Experimental Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella co-infection in chickens

Cited by 18 publications

References 56 publications

Mutual interactions of the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella with cultured poultry macrophages

Mutual interactions of the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella with cultured poultry macrophages

Prior Toxoplasma Gondii Infection Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis Induced by Schistosoma Japonicum through Inhibiting Th2 Response and Improving Balance of Intestinal Flora in Mice

Monocyte-derived chicken macrophages exposed to Eimeria tenella sporozoites display reduced susceptibility to invasion by Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites

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