Experimental Study on Evacuation From Underground Space by Using Real Size Models

Ishigaki, Taisuke; Toda, Keiichi; Baba, Yasuyuki; Inoue, Kazuhiro; Nakagawa, Hajime

doi:10.2208/prohe.50.583

Cited by 36 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…the degree of flood hazard (Xia et al 2011), including: (1) formulae based on mechanical analysis and calibrated using laboratory experiments with models and/or real human subjects (Foster and Cox 1973;Abt et al 1989;Takahashi et al 1992;Karvonen et al 2000;Yee 2003;Jonkman and Penning-Rowsell 2008a, b;Russo et al 2013), and (2) formulae based on empirical or quasi-theoretical studies (Keller and Mitsch 1993;Lind et al 2004;Penning-Rowsell et al 2005a;Ramsbottom et al 2003Ramsbottom et al , 2006Ishigaki et al 2005Ishigaki et al , 2009). However, flood hazard assessments methods based only on laboratory experiments with models and/or real human subjects are usually too dependent on the physical characteristics of the model or the human subject, and cognitive characteristics of the tested human subjects, whereas flood hazard assessment methods based on empirical or quasi-theoretical work often excessively over-simplify the anatomy of human body and the hydraulic characteristics of the flow (Jonkman and Penning-Rowsell 2008a, b;Xia et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flood hazard assessment for extreme flood events

2016

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Climate change is expected to result in an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. In turn, this will result in more frequent occurrences of extreme flood events, such as flash flooding and large-scale river flooding. This being the case, there is a need for more accurate flood risk assessment schemes, particularly in areas prone to extreme flooding. This study investigates what type of flood hazard assessment methods should be used for assessing the flood hazard to people caused by extreme flooding. Two flood hazard assessment criteria were tested, namely: a widely used, empirically derived method, and recently introduced, physically based and experimentally calibrated method. The two selected flood hazard assessment methods were: (1) validated against experimental data, and (2) used to assess flood hazard indices for two different extreme flood events, namely: the 2010 Kostanjevica na Krki extreme river flood and the 2007 Ž elezniki flash flood. The results obtained in this study suggest that in the areas prone to extreme flooding, the flood hazard indices should be based on using the formulae derived for a mechanics-based analysis, as these formulations consider all of the physical forces acting on a human body in floodwaters, take into account the rapid changes in the flow regime, which often occur for extreme flood events, and enable a rapid assessment of the degree of flood hazard risk in a short time period, a feature particularly important when assessing flood hazard indices for high Froude numbers flows.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flood hazard assessment for extreme flood events

2016

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“…Other simulations, which do model death, only consider two conditions: dead or alive. For example, some researchers build their models based on an assumption that an evacuee perishes once flood water reaches a height of 70 cm, a point at which even adult men have difficulty walking, and there is no chance of rescue (Ishigaki et al, 2006;Uno & Kashiyama, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooperative survival principles for underground flooding: Vitae System based multi-agent simulation

Higo

Okada

Hipel

et al. 2017

Expert Systems with Applications

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“…The flow rates at the staircases were calculated from the numerical results (Figure 8). There are two staircases on the ground floor, as shown in Figure 5a, and by using the results of the flow depth at these locations, the step-flow formula gave the discharges that were transmitted to the underground space [23][24][25].…”

Section: Underground Inundation In Two Layers By the Atmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Computation of Underground Inundation in Multiple Layers Using the Adaptive Transfer Method

Rhee

Song

2018

Water

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Extreme rainfall causes surface runoff to flow towards lowlands and subterranean facilities, such as subway stations and buildings with underground spaces in densely packed urban areas. These facilities and areas are therefore vulnerable to catastrophic submergence. However, flood modeling of underground space has not yet been adequately studied because there are difficulties in reproducing the associated multiple horizontal layers connected with staircases or elevators. This study proposes a convenient approach to simulate underground inundation when two layers are connected. The main facet of this approach is to compute the flow flux passing through staircases in an upper layer and to transfer the equivalent quantity to a lower layer. This is defined as the 'adaptive transfer method'. This method overcomes the limitations of 2D modeling by introducing layers connecting concepts to prevent large variations in mesh sizes caused by complicated underlying obstacles or local details. Consequently, this study aims to contribute to the numerical analysis of flow in inundated underground spaces with multiple floors.

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Experimental Study on Evacuation From Underground Space by Using Real Size Models

Cited by 36 publications

References 1 publication

Flood hazard assessment for extreme flood events

Flood hazard assessment for extreme flood events

Cooperative survival principles for underground flooding: Vitae System based multi-agent simulation

Numerical Computation of Underground Inundation in Multiple Layers Using the Adaptive Transfer Method

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