Experimental Study of Thermal and Humidity Conditions in a Historic Wooden Building in Southern Poland

Nawalany, Grzegorz; Sokołowski, Paweł; Michalik, Małgorzata

doi:10.3390/buildings10070118

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Chmiel et al [ 21 ] investigate bacterial and fungal aerosols in ten historical attractions from Kraków (churches, crypts, museums and libraries). Research conducted by Nawalany et al [ 22 ], Stanaszek-Tomal [ 23 ] and Mang et al [ 24 ], addresses issues related to hygrothermal conditions in churches, with emphasis on air temperature and humidity which periodically exceed the values of thermal comfort for historical buildings and exert a negative impact. Microorganisms present on religious items are responsible for these physical and chemical changes.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological, Health and Comfort Aspects of Indoor Air Quality in a Romanian Historical Wooden Church

Marcu

Hodor

Indrie

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Monitoring the indoor microclimate in old buildings of cultural heritage and significance is a practice of great importance because of the importance of their identity for local communities and national consciousness. Most aged heritage buildings, especially those made of wood, develop an indoor microclimate conducive to the development of microorganisms. This study aims to analyze one wooden church dating back to the 1710s in Romania from the microclimatic perspective, i.e., temperature and relative humidity and the fungal load of the air and surfaces. One further aim was to determine if the internal microclimate of the monument is favorable for the health of parishioners and visitors, as well as for the integrity of the church itself. The research methodology involved monitoring of the microclimate for a period of nine weeks (November 2020–January 2021) and evaluating the fungal load in indoor air as well as on the surfaces. The results show a very high contamination of air and surfaces (>2000 CFU/m3). In terms of fungal contamination, Aspergillus spp. (two different species), Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp. (two different species) and Trichopyton spp. were the genera of fungi identified in the indoor wooden church air and Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp. (two different species) and Botrytis spp. on the surfaces (church walls and iconostasis). The results obtained reveal that the internal microclimate not only imposes a potential risk factor for the parishioners and visitors, but also for the preservation of the wooden church as a historical monument, which is facing a crisis of biodeterioration of its artwork.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological, Health and Comfort Aspects of Indoor Air Quality in a Romanian Historical Wooden Church

Marcu

Hodor

Indrie

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…The results of analyzing the influence of location on the energy management of the studied buildings showed that the external climate significantly determined the amount of energy expenditure for heating purposes. Similar relationships were also found in buildings outside the agricultural sector [28,29]. The phenomenon of heat exchange with the ground and the possibility to use the potential of the ground as a specific regulator of the interior microclimate is a very important aspect from a year-round building operation perspective.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Numerical Analysis of the Impact of the Location of a Commercial Broiler House on Its Energy Management and Heat Exchange with the Ground

et al. 2021

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This paper addresses the impact of location on energy management and ground heat transfer in a commercial large-scale broiler house. Four locations in Europe were selected for analysis: Krakow (Poland), Vienna (Austria), Modena (Italy), and Oslo (Norway). An analysis of the impact of location on energy management was performed using the numerical method of computing elemental balances (MEB). WUFIplus® computer software was used to assist in the calculation process. Computer simulations of the effects of location on selected technical factors were performed after validating the computational model. The complex area of building and land was divided into cuboidal balance–difference elements using model discretization. Energy and temperature balance calculations were performed for each balance–difference element assuming a time step every 60 min. Validation of the computational model was performed based on the measured temperature inside and outside the broiler house. The variation in outdoor climate significantly affected the energy flow through the building envelope and ventilation system. Providing that the same material and construction solutions are adopted, a building located in the south of Europe requires 43% less energy for heating compared to a building located in the northern part of the continent. Due to it having the highest solar radiation, the highest energy gains were obtained for the building located in Modena. The buildings located in Krakow and Vienna had a 50% lower yield of thermal energy from the external environment. The percentage of land in the energy balance of the studied building ranged from 8.00 to 8.56%, depending on location. The highest energy gains were obtained for the building located in Modena (4112.8 kWh/a). The buildings located in Krakow and Vienna were characterized by a heat energy yield from the external environment that was two times lower. For the site located in Oslo, it was found that the largest thermal energy gain came from the ground medium located under and surrounding the broiler house (1137 kWh/a). The location of the broiler house significantly affects year-round heating needs. The building located in Oslo required 677,207.2 kWh/a of energy for heating purposes.

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“…Current state of knowledge shows that the share of the ground in the total energy balance of residential and industrial buildings is about 5-10% [17]. As a result of continuous development of digital technologies, numerical methods are increasingly used for modelling and forecasting of physical phenomena [30][31][32]. However, computer simulations have some limitations and do not account for all factors which in reality can affect the studied parameters [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Energy Exchange with the Ground in a Two-Chamber Vegetable Cold Store, Assuming Different Lengths of Technological Break, with the Use of a Numerical Calculation Method—A Case Study

Sokołowski

Nawalany

2020

Energies

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The paper deals with the impact of the technological break duration during the cold storage cycle on the energy demand of the cold store for vegetables and fruit and the temperature distribution in the ground under the cold store. The studied facility was a two-chamber vegetable cold store located in southern Poland used to store carrots (Daucus carota) for nine months a year. The experiments were conducted for 12 months (01.05.2017–30.04.2018). The technological break during this period lasted three months (from 1 July 2018 to 30 September 2018). Continuous measurements (with 1-h frequency) were made in order to determine the boundary conditions for numerical analysis. The measured parameters included indoor air temperature, outdoor air temperature, ground temperature under the building and in its vicinity. There were 22 measuring points andPT100 sensors were used. The numerical analysis was based on the elementary balances method. WUFIplus® software was used as a calculation supporting tool. The numerical analysis was conducted for 14 calculation variants, with different duration of technological break. The calculation model validation was performed and the results showed a good correlation with the experimental data. The results of experimental studies and of calculations showed a significant impact of the technological break duration on the soil distribution in the ground and the building energy demand. A technological break of less than 4 weeks is the most optimal in the summer. The technological break longer than 4 weeks significantly affects the cooling energy demand in the first days of the cooling cycle and significantly extends the time necessary for the ground and the floor to reach the optimum temperature. The analysis of the floor temperature results (points A1–C1) showed that the technological break longer than four weeks causes the average floor temperature to exceed 4.0 °C. Therefore, the optimum solution is technological break lasting 7–35 days. Absence of technological break results in a decrease of energy gains from the ground by 20% relative to a three-month technological break. The impact of technological break duration was clearly seen in terms of energy losses from the cold store to the ground. In case of a 91-day technological break, the energy losses to the ground were 1289.5 kWh/a, while in case of absence of technological break this value was ninefold lower (147.5 kWh/a).

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Experimental Study of Thermal and Humidity Conditions in a Historic Wooden Building in Southern Poland

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Microbiological, Health and Comfort Aspects of Indoor Air Quality in a Romanian Historical Wooden Church

Microbiological, Health and Comfort Aspects of Indoor Air Quality in a Romanian Historical Wooden Church

Numerical Analysis of the Impact of the Location of a Commercial Broiler House on Its Energy Management and Heat Exchange with the Ground

Analysis of Energy Exchange with the Ground in a Two-Chamber Vegetable Cold Store, Assuming Different Lengths of Technological Break, with the Use of a Numerical Calculation Method—A Case Study

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