Experimental Study of Dispersion and Deposition of Expiratory Aerosols in Aircraft Cabins and Impact on Infectious Disease Transmission

To, Gin Nam Sze; Wan, Man Pun; Chao, Christopher Yu Hang; Fang, Lei; Melikov, Arsen Krikor

doi:10.1080/02786820902736658

Cited by 96 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…However, most tracer gas instruments, including the widely used photoacoustic gas monitor INNOVA, have a sampling time of the order of 10‐60 seconds, which is much longer than the period of inhalation or exhalation (which are of the order of 1 second). Aerosol generators have been increasingly used to provide a more accurate simulation of the transfer of exhaled droplet nuclei . However, they are mostly used alone (ie, not in conjunction with a manikin) and have a sampling interval of no smaller than 1 second .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne transmission between room occupants during short‐term events: Measurement and evaluation

Hashimoto

Melikov

2019

Indoor Air

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This study experimentally examines and compares the dynamics and short‐term events of airborne cross‐infection in a full‐scale room ventilated by stratum, mixing and displacement air distributions. Two breathing thermal manikins were employed to simulate a standing infected person and a standing exposed person. Four influential factors were examined, including separation distance between manikins, air change per hour, positioning of the two manikinsand air distribution. Tracer gas technique was used to simulate the exhaled droplet nuclei from the infected person and fast tracer gas concentration meters (FCM41) were used to monitor the concentrations. Real‐time and average exposure indices were proposed to evaluate the dynamics of airborne exposure. The time‐averaged exposure index depends on the duration of exposure time and can be considerably different during short‐term events and under steady‐state conditions. The exposure risk during short‐term events may not always decrease with increasing separation distance. It changes over time and may not always increase with time. These findings imply that the control measures formulated on the basis of steady‐state conditions are not necessarily appropriate for short‐term events.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne transmission between room occupants during short‐term events: Measurement and evaluation

Hashimoto

Melikov

2019

Indoor Air

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“…The experimental details are presented in a companion paper (Sze To et al 2008b). Here, a brief description is given.…”

Section: Experimental Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Fate of Expiratory Aerosols and the Associated Infection Risk in an Aircraft Cabin Environment

Wan

Chao

et al. 2009

Aerosol Science and Technology

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109

106

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The transport and deposition of polydispersed expiratory aerosols in an aircraft cabin were simulated using a Lagrangianbased model validated by experiments conducted in an aircraft cabin mockup. Infection risk by inhalation was estimated using the aerosol dispersion data and a model was developed to estimate the risk of infection by contact. The environmental control system (ECS) in a cabin creates air circulation mainly in the lateral direction, making lateral dispersions of aerosols much faster than longitudinal dispersions. Aerosols with initial sizes under 28 µm in diameter can stay airborne for comparatively long periods and are favorable for airborne transport. Using influenza data as an example, the estimated risk of infection by inhalation are at least two orders of magnitude higher than the risk of infection by contact. An increase in the supply airflow rate enhances ventilation removal and the dispersion of these aerosols. It reduces the risk of infection by inhalation for passengers seated within one row and one column from the index patient but it increases the risk for passengers seated further away. The deposition fraction increases with aerosol size. The ECS supply airflow rate has insignificant impact on the deposition behavior of these large aerosols, making the impact on the risk of infection by contact insignificant. Comparatively, the contact behavior of passengers is highly influential to the contact infection risk. Passengers seated within one row from the index patient are subject to contact risks that are one to two orders of magnitude higher than are passengers seated further away.

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“…Accurate measurements of the air supply conditions from a complex diffuser in an airliner cabin are still challenging [10]. Most of the experimental measurements were conducted in a short-section of cabin mockups with only a few rows of seats or no seats [10,60,61], which can introduce end-effects. The cabin mockups were different from real aircraft cabins, and the influence of the differences on the airflow is still unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-art methods for studying air distributions in commercial airliner cabins

Wei

Mazumdar

Zhao

et al. 2012

Building and Environment

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Air distributions in commercial airliner cabins are crucial for creating a thermally comfortable and healthy cabin environment. This paper reviewed the methods used in predicting, designing, and analyzing air distributions in the cabins. Two popular methods are experimental measurements and numerical simulations. The experimental measurements have usually been seen as more reliable although they are more expensive and time consuming. Most of the numerical simulations use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) that can provide effectively detailed information. Numerous applications using the two methods can be found in the literature for studying air distributions in aircraft cabin, including investigations on more reliable and accurate models. Our review shows that studies using both experimental measurements and computer simulations are becoming popular. Our review also found that it is necessary to use a full-scale test rig to obtain reliable and high quality experimental data, and that the hybrid CFD models are rather promising for simulating air distributions in airliner cabins.

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Experimental Study of Dispersion and Deposition of Expiratory Aerosols in Aircraft Cabins and Impact on Infectious Disease Transmission

Cited by 96 publications

References 34 publications

Airborne transmission between room occupants during short‐term events: Measurement and evaluation

Airborne transmission between room occupants during short‐term events: Measurement and evaluation

Modeling the Fate of Expiratory Aerosols and the Associated Infection Risk in an Aircraft Cabin Environment

State-of-the-art methods for studying air distributions in commercial airliner cabins

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