Experimental studies on betel nut and tobacco carcinogenicity

Ranadive, K J; Gothoskar, S. V.; Rao, A.R.; Tezabwalla, B. U.; Ambaye, R. Y.

doi:10.1002/ijc.2910170409

Cited by 68 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The major bioactive components in ANE are areca alkaloids and polyphenols (Ranadive et al, 1976). Intraperitoneal administration of arecoline (20 mg/kg) has been shown to reduce thymus weight and total number of thymocytes (Selvan et al, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impairment of thymocyte function via induction of apoptosis by areca nut extract

Lee

Lin

Liu

et al. 2013

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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Areca quid (AQ) chewing is a popular oral habit, especially in Southeast Asia cultures, in which children may be engaged in the addictive habit early in their lives. Extracts of areca nuts, the main component of AQ, have been shown to affect the functionality of T-cells. However, the potential influence of ANE on the development of T-cells is unknown. This study, therefore, investigated the impact of areca nut extracts (ANE) on thymocytes and the potential mechanisms of action. Mice administered intraperitoneally with ANE at 1, 5, or 25 mg/kg daily for 5 days showed significant dose-dependent reductions in thymocyte viability. A marked decrease in the total number of thymocytes and the proportion of thymic CD4 þ CD8þ cells was observed in the 25 mg ANE/kg-treated mice, whereas the proportion of CD4 and CD8 single positive and CD4À CD8 À cells was significantly increased. Further examination on the functionality of thymocytes showed that ANE suppress IL-2 production both ex vivo and in vitro. These results suggest that ANE may attenuate the development and functionality of thymic T-cells. ANE also directly induced apoptosis in thymic T-cells through activation of casapase-3 and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF). Collectively, the data suggested that the thymus is a sensitive target to ANE. Early exposure to ANE may interfere with the development and functionality of thymic T-cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impairment of thymocyte function via induction of apoptosis by areca nut extract

Lee

Lin

Liu

et al. 2013

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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“…It began long ago when Portuguese people blended betel with tobacco in 1600 and called it betel quid, which was later made with areca nut, betel leaf, catechu, lime and tobacco. High consumption of betel quid is linked with oral cancer [1][2][3][4][5][6]. For two decades, a powdered chewing mixture, sold commercially as pan masala (PM), has been in abundant use in India among non-smokers as well as smokers who are attempting to refrain from smoking and tobacco use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For two decades, a powdered chewing mixture, sold commercially as pan masala (PM), has been in abundant use in India among non-smokers as well as smokers who are attempting to refrain from smoking and tobacco use. Areca nut, a major portion of PM, is clastogenic, genotoxic and carcinogenic in animals [2,[7][8]. Catechu, an ingredient of PM, causes hepatic irritation, hyperplasia of oral mucosa [9], dominant lethal mutations and chromosomal damage in the bone marrow cells of mice [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Toxicity of Plain (PMP) and Blended (PMT) Indian Pan Masala (PM)

Nigam¹,

Venkatakrishna‐Bhatt²

2013

EAJM

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Objective: Betel leaf combined with areca nut is known as betel quid pan masala (PM), and tobacco with areca nut, catechu and lime is pan masala (PMT) blended with gulkhand. These narcotics are popular among young and old individuals. A prima facia chemical analysis and a toxicity assessment of PM in mice were conducted to study the relationship between longtime consumption of PM and health hazards. Materials and Methods:Chemical analysis of different types of PM was done employing HPLC , GLC, AAS, ES, TLC, GCMS and sequential extraction for PAH, pesticides, metals and minerals, electrolytes, drugs and xenobiotics. Ethanolic PM extracts were tested by IP and PO routes in inbred Swiss mice.Results: PAH, which are known xenobiotics for pre-cancerous lesions, were significantly high (p<0.01) in Rajaniganda and Pan Parag Zarda. Isomers of DDT and BHC, which principally act on nerves and muscles, were also high (p<0.01) in PM. The enhanced metal and mineral content of PM results in massive oral fibrosis. There is a high level of narcotics in PM, especially nicotine, a potentially cancerous agent in the gastrointestinal tract. Conclusion:Experimental studies with different extracts of plain and blended PM in mice fed for 16 and 90 days revealed no effect on blood and organ weights (kidney, heart, spleen and liver), but we did observe attenuated testis. However, in the bone marrow of the mice, chromosomes were most affected in the mice fed PM-Zarda blend for 3 months. The chromosomal abnormalities included ploidy, loss, breaks, gaps, deletions and exchanges in ring chromosomes. The PM caused sperm head anomalies (narrow, blunt, triangular and banana shapes), and the sperm were irregular, amorphous, tailless and rudimentary, with the maximum effect among the groups fed PM for 3 months. Significantly higher levels (p<0.01) of testis glycogen, cholesterol and protein were found. The group fed for 16 days showed no change in red blood corpuscles (RBC), white blood corpuscles (WBC), hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation counts.Key Words: Indian Pan Masala, Narcotics, Public health, Toxicity Özet Amaç: Areka fındık ile kombine betel yaprağı pan masala (PM) ve areka fındık ile tütün, pekiştirici ve kireç gulkhand ile harmanlanmış pan masala (PMT) olarak bilinir. Bunlar genç ve yaşlı bireyler arasında popüler uyuşturucu maddelerdir. PM bir toksisite değerlendirilmesi prima facia kimyasal analiz ve farelerde uzun zamandır PM tüketimi ve sağlık riskleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç: Deneysel çalışmalarda 16 ve 90 gün boyunca beslenen farelerde düz ve karışımlı PM farklı özlerinin kan ve organ ağırlıkları (böbrek, kalp, dalak ve karaciğer) üzerinde hiçbir etkisi yoktur, ancak ufalmış testis gözlemlemek mümkün olmuştur. Ancak, PM-Zarda karışımı ile 3 ay boyunca beslenen farelerin kemik iliğinde, kromozomlar büyük oranda etkilenmiştir. Kromozom anomalilerine ploidi, kayıp, boşluk, silinme ve halka kromozomlar içerisinde değişim dahildir. PM sperm baş anomalileri (dar, künt, üçgen ve muz ...

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“…The extracts were prepared by the method of Sun et al [16] and Ranadive et al [17] using DMSO as the solvent. The thin paste of experimental material was painted in the palate and cheek mucosa of rats once every day for 3 or 6 months.…”

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confidence: 99%

Studies on the Nature and Significance of Collagen in Experimentally Induced Oral Submucous Fibrosis in Rats.

Anuradha

Hirano

Devi

1999

J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.

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SummaryOral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), a disease condition essentially found in Indians and southeast Asians has drawn attention mostly on the grounds of epidemiological and clinical manifestations, whereas the etiology is still uncertain. Since all OSMF patients are habitual chewers, it was thought ideal to experimentally induce OSMF in rats using betelnut extracts thereby establishing the toxic nature of betelnut. OSMF has been defined as a collagen disorder and the total collagen and collagen fractions in the different groups were analyzed. There was an increase in total collagen content and an increase in soluble fraction was also observed representing newly synthesized collagen. The group treated with panmasala, a commercial preparation available which is a combination of betelnut, tobacco, lime and spices showed no changes due to its chemopreventive efficacy. The importance of the results expected is that the causation and cure of many diseases involving collagen now lack a scientific basis. The results it is hoped would provide a means for classification of diseases at structural and molecular level so as to highlight a causal nexus between clinical expression of the disease and altered structural and compositional changes in OSMF.

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Experimental studies on betel nut and tobacco carcinogenicity

Cited by 68 publications

References 6 publications

Impairment of thymocyte function via induction of apoptosis by areca nut extract

Impairment of thymocyte function via induction of apoptosis by areca nut extract

Analysis and Toxicity of Plain (PMP) and Blended (PMT) Indian Pan Masala (PM)

Studies on the Nature and Significance of Collagen in Experimentally Induced Oral Submucous Fibrosis in Rats.

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