Experimental Results of a Residential House Fire Test on Tenability: Temperature, Smoke, and Gas Analyses

Crewe, Robert J.; Stec, Anna A.; Walker, Richard G.; Shaw, John; Hull, T. Richard; Rhodes, Jennifer; Garcia-Sorribes, Tamar

doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12268

Cited by 25 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Other large scale fires have been investigated for their toxicity, showing life-threatening conditions in an entire house when a single sofa was burning [ 103 ] and identifying the presence of significant quanties of trichoropropyl phosphate flame retardants in the residues of another fire involving a single sofa in a domestic property [64].…”

Section: Fire Retardancy and Performance In Large Scale Firesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire toxicity – The elephant in the room?

Stec

2017

Fire Safety Journal

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Fire toxicity is the largest cause of death and injury from unwanted fires, yet it is the least well studied area of fire science and engineering. Fire toxicity increases by factors up to 50, as the fire becomes underventilated. This has proved difficult, but not impossible, to replicate in a controlled way on a bench-scale. Clear correlations have been observed between the stoichiometric equivalence ratio, and the yields of the major asphyxiants, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. In addition, irritant components of fire effluents, which have an instantaneous effect, can incapacitate fire victims, trapping them in a fire. However, the longer term toxicants present in fire effluents, such as the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and the microscopic particulates which result from their agglomeration are probably responsible for hundreds or thousands more deaths than the acute asphyxiants and irritants.

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Section: Fire Retardancy and Performance In Large Scale Firesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire toxicity – The elephant in the room?

Stec

2017

Fire Safety Journal

Self Cite

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“…These studies include assessing the tenability risk to occupants in numerical simulations of compartment fires [16], one-bedroom apartment fires [17], 1950s legacy residential housing [18], and basement fires [19].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupant Tenability in Single Family Homes: Part I—Impact of Structure Type, Fire Location and Interior Doors Prior to Fire Department Arrival

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This paper describes an experimental investigation of the impact of structure geometry, fire location, and closed interior doors on occupant tenability in typical single family house geometries using common fuels from twenty-first century fires. Two houses were constructed inside a large fire facility; a one-story, 112 m 2 , 3-bedroom, 1-bathroom house with 8 total rooms, and a two-story 297 m 2 , 4-bedroom, 2.5-bathroom house with 12 total rooms. Seventeen experiments were conducted with varying fire locations. In all scenarios, two bedrooms had doors remaining open while the door remained closed in a third bedroom immediately adjacent to the open door bedrooms. Temperature and gas measurement at the approximate location of a crawling or crouching trapped occupant (0.9 m from the floor) were utilized with the ISO 13571 fractional effective dose (FED) methodology to characterize occupant tenability up to the point of firefighter intervention. The FED values for the fire room were higher for heat exposure than for toxic gases, while target rooms reached highest FED due to CO/CO 2 exposure. The closed interior door decreased FED significantly, with the worst case scenario resulting in a 2% probability of receiving an incapacitating dose compared to the worst case scenario for an open bedroom of 93% probability of receiving an incapacitating dose. In fact, in 7 of the 17 experiments, the closed interior door resulted in a less than 0.1% chance of an occupant receiving an incapacitating dose prior to firefighter 'intervention.'

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“…To facilitate use in disaster environments, the robot and the sensor unit are designed to withstand high temperatures (e.g., if a building is on fire). A fire can cause the temperature to reach between 200 °C and 300 °C at ground level [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Bandwidth Sensor Module for Mobile Robot Applications-Wind Tunnel Characterization

Vincent¹,

Xing²,

Cole³

et al. 2017

Proceedings of Eurosensors 2017, Paris, France, 3–6 September 2017

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Abstract:We have developed a sensor module containing high-bandwidth VOC and gas sensors (including novel acoustic, custom MOX and low-cost NDIR) to evaluate the concentration of gases in a hazardous environment. We report upon the initial characterization of two MOX gas sensors (1 mm × 1 mm) with coatings of Pd/Pt doped SnO2 and pure WO3 inside a wind tunnel to plumes of acetone and ethanol (<10 ppm). The orientation and position of the sensor module in the tunnel was investigated. The unit was tested in a real-world environment with a VOC (propanol); fluctuating sensor responses demonstrated the formation of gas plumes.

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Experimental Results of a Residential House Fire Test on Tenability: Temperature, Smoke, and Gas Analyses

Cited by 25 publications

References 20 publications

Fire toxicity – The elephant in the room?

Fire toxicity – The elephant in the room?

Occupant Tenability in Single Family Homes: Part I—Impact of Structure Type, Fire Location and Interior Doors Prior to Fire Department Arrival

High Bandwidth Sensor Module for Mobile Robot Applications-Wind Tunnel Characterization

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