Experimental models for the study of neuropathic pain

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Ideal models should reproduce just sensory deficits, such as alodynia, hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain for short periods. There are different types of animal models to evaluate different neuropathic pain etiologies and manifestations. Some models study neuropathic pain peripheral mechanisms and other study its central mechanisms. This review focuses on animal models most commonly used for neuropathic pain research. CONTENTS: Animal models based on peripheral nerves ligation which are more commonly used are described. From all models described in this review, spared nerve injury is that producing more reproducible behavioral abnormalities for a longer period, while chronic sciatic nerve compression produces behavioral signs of less predictable painful neuropathies. Spinal hemisection and cytokines-induced spinal injury are the models of choice for the study of central pain mechanisms. Other specific models are used for the study of the specific etiology of pain. CONCLUSION: Since neuropathic pain is multifactorial, different neuropathic pain animal models were developed throughout the years, which have been critical for the study of neuropathic pain, since much of current knowledge comes from studies with rats and mice. Current animal models need to be further refined and more efforts should be made to determine which animal models may be more predictive, with less biases and more complex and objective analysis parameters. Keywords: Experimental models of neuropathic pain, Neuropathic pain. RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS:Os modelos ideais deveriam reproduzir apenas déficits sensitivos, como alodínea, hiperalgesia e dor espontânea por curtos períodos de tempo. Existem diversos tipos de modelos animais, que avaliam as diversas etiologias e manifestações da dor neuropática. Alguns modelos estudam os mecanismos periféricos e outros estudam mecanismos centrais da dor neuropática. Esta revisão enfoca os modelos animais mais comumente utilizados para pesquisa em dor neuropática. CONTEÚDO: São descritos modelos animais baseados em ligadura de nervos periféricos que são mais comumente empregados. De todos os modelos descritos nesta revisão, a lesão poupadora de nervo é aquela que produz anormalidades comportamentais mais reprodutíveis, por um período mais longo, ao passo que a constrição crônica do ciático produz sinais comportamentais de neuropatia dolorosas menos previsíveis. Hemisecção espinhal e lesão espinhal induzida por citocinas são os modelos de escolha para estudar mecanismos de dor central. Outros modelos específicos são utilizados para estudo da etiologia específica da condição dolorosa. CONCLUSÃO: Como a dor neuropática é multifatorial, diferentes modelos animais de dor neuropática foram desenvolvidos ao longo dos anos que têm sido fundamentais para o estudo da dor neuropática, uma vez que muito do conheci-© Sociedade Brasileira para o Estudo da Dor mento atual provém de estudos em ratos e camundongos. São necessários maiores refinamentos nos modelos animais atualmente empregados ...

Neuropathic pain models and outcome measures: a dual translational challenge

“…A selection of induced neuropathic pain models(9) and some more common examples of nociceptive outcome measures(10) …”

The Effect of Intrathecal Injection of Dextromethorphan on the Experimental Neuropathic Pain Model

“…Nerve ligation is the most common method of modeling neuropathic pain; however, it is performed by different techniques regarding a specific purpose (29). In this regard, the PSL technique is particularly advantageous as it produces inflammation and neuropathic pain (27), as evidenced by thermal hyperalgesia (an over-reaction to weak heat stimuli) (28,30,31) 2.…”

“…The mice were randomly assigned into three groups (namely a sham group, a vehicle-treated control group, and an iDMP-treated group). Both vehicle and iDMP groups were subjected to PSL using the Seltzer procedure described below; however, the sciatic nerve was exposed to no ligation in the sham group (27,29). The prepared drugs (10 nmol DMP (Bernofarm Pharmaceutical Company, Surabaya Indonesia) in 0.9% saline) were administered intrathecally between the 5th and 6th lumbar vertebrae once a day from day 8 to 14 following the PSL surgery.…”

“…Briefly, the partial cross-section of the left sciatic nerve (~1/3 -1/2 of the total thickness) was ligated at a high-thigh level using an 8/0 nylon monofilament suture. The sutured nerve was then placed back, and the overlying muscles and skin were sutured using silk 3/0 (27,29). All mice were housed in separated cages for 2 hours during the recovery period.…”

Attenuation of Hyperalgesia and Allodynia by some Phenolic Acids in Paclitaxel Induced Neuropathy

“…hyperalgesia and pain in response to normally painless stimuli i.e. allodynia (Sausa et.al., 2016). At lower doses, paclitaxel lead to dysfunction of axons and Schwann cells and produce pain hypersensitivity including allodynia and hyperalgesia, characterized by numbness, paresthesias and a burning pain in the hands and feet (Aswar and Patil, 2016).…”