Experimental Measurement of Corrosion Involving Inorganics (Salt Hydrates) Phase Change Materials (PCM) for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Applications

Kumar, Navin; Chavez, Reynaldo; Banerjee, Debjyoti

doi:10.1109/itherm.2018.8419547

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Na 2 CO [86]; aluminium [87] stainless steel (SS 347) [86]; carbon foam, diatomite, expanded graphite, and expanded perlite [46]; silver [87] Summarizing the information presented in Sections 2-4, the inorganic salt hydrates were scored in terms of: their thermophysical properties, economic costs, environmental and human health impacts, phase separation, supercooling, and corrosiveness. Disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate turned out to be the most prospective salt in terms of the environmental as well as the thermophysical and economic properties for use in solar installations (Table 5).…”

Section: Salt Hydrates Corrosiveness Of Materials Due To Salt Hydrate...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Environmental and Social Influence of the Inorganic Salt Hydrates Used as a Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage in Solar Installations

Nartowska

Styś-Maniara

Kozłowski

2023

IJERPH

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The aim of this article is to assess the potential impact of inorganic salt hydrates used as PCM material in solar installations on the environment and human health and to assess the society’s approach to this technology. The properties of salt are discussed in two ways: first, by analyzing the environmental and health problems caused by chemical hazards on the basis of the available material safety data sheets. Secondly, by analyzing the potential disadvantages of salt hydrates in terms of environmental hazards based on the results of experimental studies available in the literature. Then, using questionnaires, the public approach to solar installations with a built-in converter containing salt hydrates is assessed. Disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate turned out to be the most prospective salt in terms of environmental, thermophysical, and economic properties for use in solar installations. Understanding the attitudes of the local community toward technologies using inorganic salt hydrates will enable appropriate action to be taken in the future to promote their development. Surveys have shown great public concern about their impact on the environment and human health. In this regard, it is necessary to implement information and promotion activities.

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Section: Salt Hydrates Corrosiveness Of Materials Due To Salt Hydrate...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Environmental and Social Influence of the Inorganic Salt Hydrates Used as a Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage in Solar Installations

Nartowska

Styś-Maniara

Kozłowski

2023

IJERPH

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“…1 Interfacial energy between solid PCM and nucleator (E SN ) contains contributions from both crystal lattice effects (E SN Lattice ) and interactions between PCM and additives (E SN Chem ), that is, E SN = E SN Lattice +- 10 Therefore, it becomes crucial to not only perform lattice matching, but also analyze how the PCM and nucleator interact with each other. Various nucleators for suppressing ΔT Sup of ZNH have already been identified by researchers using the Edisonian approach of lattice matching and testing, like zinc oxide, 1,8,11,12 zinc hydroxide, 8,11 zinc hydroxyl nitrate, 1,12 expanded pearlite, 13 and cobalt nitrate hexahydrate. 8 ΔT Sup of 3.2 C and 3.6 C were observed upon addition of 7 wt% ZnO and zinc hydroxyl nitrate respectively to ZNH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Researchers have employed 5 wt% of ZnO or zinc hydroxyl nitrate as nucleators for ZNH to check the corrosion rate in different stainless steel and Al alloy containers, but no data regarding ΔT Sup has been provided. 12 More recently, TES composites containing 50 wt% expanded pearlite and 50 wt% ZNH have been fabricated to find ΔT Sup of 9.98 C for the material. A study analyzing the stability of salt hydrates has reported ΔT Sup of 0 C upon adding Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles and carboxymethyl cellulose thickener, although wt% of the additives were not mentioned.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ∆T Sup of ZNH PCM was reported to be (1‐6)°C with the addition of either ZnO or Zn(OH) 2 nucleators, and 5°C upon addition of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate, although the amount of additive used was not mentioned for any of the three cases 8 . Researchers have employed 5 wt% of ZnO or zinc hydroxyl nitrate as nucleators for ZNH to check the corrosion rate in different stainless steel and Al alloy containers, but no data regarding ∆T Sup has been provided 12 . More recently, TES composites containing 50 wt% expanded pearlite and 50 wt% ZNH have been fabricated to find ∆T Sup of 9.98°C for the material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In‐operando crystallization study of zinc nitrate hexahydrate using zinc oxide nucleators

et al. 2022

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Supercooling (∆TSup) is one of the crucial problems in utilizing a phase change material (PCM), which has been attempted to overcome using nucleators possessing small lattice disregistry without comprehensive understanding of the nucleation phenomenon. Here, this work studies the interactions between nucleators and PCM via in‐operando direct visualization for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, to better understand the crystallization process during freezing of a PCM using zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZNH) and a zinc oxide (ZnO) nucleator. According to our in‐operando study, freezing was randomly initiated by only a fraction of the nucleator particles during each thermal cycling. However, previously unresponsive nucleators also suddenly crystalized PCM when the propagating crystal encountered them, improving the crystal initiation and thereby ∆TSup. Consequently, for equal wt% of ZnO, better nucleation behavior was obtained using uniformly distributed small nucleator particles throughout the PCM, as compared to either large or poorly distributed aggregated nucleators. DSC results using ZnO‐needle as nucleator confirmed a 38% and 33.3% lower ∆TSup upon employing 5 wt% small (individual) particles (~4 μm on average), as compared to using equal wt% of small (aggregated) particle clusters (~200 μm) and large particles (~46 μm), respectively. Crystallization of ZNH caused additional hair‐like ZnO growth preferentially decorated along lateral faces of the original nucleator particles. The in‐operando studies are valuable tools to correlate inherent crystallization phenomena to the practical thermal energy storage properties of the system.

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“…The relationship can be expressed as E SN = E SN Lattice + E SN Chem.10 Therefore, both lattice matching as well as analyzing the interactions between the nucleator and PCM are essential to convey the full picture of the crystallization process. By employing the simple Edisonian approach of lattice matching, several nucleators of ZNH for suppressing its high ΔT Sup have been identified in the past, like zinc oxide, 1,8,11,12 zinc hydroxyl nitrate, 1,12 zinc hydroxide, 8,11 cobalt nitrate hexahydrate 8 and expanded pearlite. 13 For example, adding 7 wt% ZnO and zinc hydroxyl nitrate has been found to suppress ΔT Sup of ZNH to 3.2 C and 3.6 C, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling real‐time crystallization with nucleators and thickeners for zinc nitrate hexahydrate as a phase change material

et al. 2022

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The primary challenge of salt hydrates as phase change materials (PCMs) is their high degree of supercooling (ΔT Sup ). Past studies have attempted to alleviate ΔT Sup by incorporating nucleators possessing similar lattice structure, without a thorough analysis of the nucleator/PCM interactions. This work presents a novel in-operando study to visually observe the crystallization process of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZNH) in real-time using suitable nucleators and a thickener. We have introduced a new dataset where zinc acetate dihydrate (ZnAc.2H) has been employed as an additive to ZNH for thermal energy storage (TES). According to our in-operando study, ZnAc.2H underwent hydrolysis in molten ZNH to precipitate needle-like ZnO particles, which acted as nucleators for the PCM. In the absence of a thickener, the crystal propagation of ZNH exhibited a preferential directional tendency, whereas incorporation of thickener made the phase change process uniform along all directions. Selfhydrolysis of ZnAc.2H generated excess water which caused the undesirable effect of broadening the endothermic peak. The addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) thickener could restrict the activity of excess water and reduce the broadening of the endothermic peak. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that 5 wt% ZnAc.2H additive and 2 wt% CMC thickener added to ZNH can considerably improve the TES properties of ZNH PCM (ΔH Fusion 125.9 JÁg À1 , ΔT Sup 3.0 C, melting point [M.P.] 29.0 C). Our in-operando studies can unveil real-time phase change behaviors to better design PCM systems with desired characteristics.

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Experimental Measurement of Corrosion Involving Inorganics (Salt Hydrates) Phase Change Materials (PCM) for Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Applications

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

The Potential Environmental and Social Influence of the Inorganic Salt Hydrates Used as a Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage in Solar Installations

The Potential Environmental and Social Influence of the Inorganic Salt Hydrates Used as a Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage in Solar Installations

In‐operando crystallization study of zinc nitrate hexahydrate using zinc oxide nucleators

Unveiling real‐time crystallization with nucleators and thickeners for zinc nitrate hexahydrate as a phase change material

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