Experimental Investigation to Confirm the Presence of TiB2 Reinforcements in the Matrix and Effect of Artificial Aging on Hardness and Tensile Properties of Stir-Cast LM4-TiB2 Composite

Srinivas, D.; Kumar, Sathish; Shettar, Manjunath; Rao, Suma; Sharma, Sathyashankara; Mc, Gowrishankar

doi:10.3390/cryst12081114

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…From the microstructures, it can be confirmed that there is no slag nor porosity, which indicates the soundness of the two-stage stir casting method. Formation of metastable intermetallic phases (Al 2 Cu, Q, and Mg 2 Si) is validated by XRD analysis from prior research [26,27,36], which are also in line with the literature.…”

Section: Optical Microstructure Analysissupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Both reinforcements were bought from NANOCHEMAZONE INC, Canada. They have an average particle size of (TiB 2 -6.765 µm and Si 3 N 4 -26 µm), which was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) [26,27]. Both TiB 2 and Si 3 N 4 are hard reinforcement particles with a hardness value of 2468 and 1750 VHN [28]; the unique properties of these hard reinforcement particles help in attaining enhanced properties of the cast composites when added separately to the LM4 matrix.…”

Section: Phase Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Study on Mechanical Property and Fracture Behavior of Age-Hardened LM4 Monolithic Composites Reinforced with TiB2 and Si3N4

et al. 2023

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The study aimed to compare and analyze the mechanical property and fracture behavior of LM4 composites reinforced with TiB2 (1–3 wt.%) and Si3N4 (1–3 wt.%) ceramic powders. A two-stage stir casting process was employed for the effective preparation of monolithic composites. To further enhance the mechanical properties of composites, a precipitation hardening treatment (both single (SSHT) and multistage (MSHT), followed by artificial aging at 100 and 200 °C) was conducted. From mechanical property tests, it was understood that in both the monolithic composites, the properties improved with an increase in wt.% of reinforcements, and composite samples subjected to MSHT + 100 °C aging treatment bested other treatments in terms of hardness and UTS values. Compared to as-cast LM4, there was a 32 and 150% increase in hardness and a 42 and 68% increase in UTS for as-cast and peak-aged (MSHT + 100 °C aging) LM4 + 3 wt.% TiB2 composites, respectively. Similarly, there was a 28 and 124% increase in hardness and a 34 and 54% increase in UTS for as-cast and peak-aged (MSHT + 100 °C aging) LM4 + 3 wt.% Si3N4 composites, respectively. Fracture analysis of the peak-aged composite samples confirmed the mixed mode of fracture in which brittle mode was dominating.

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Section: Optical Microstructure Analysissupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Phase Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study on Mechanical Property and Fracture Behavior of Age-Hardened LM4 Monolithic Composites Reinforced with TiB2 and Si3N4

et al. 2023

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“…The agglomeration problem associated with CNTs inclusion is avoided by selecting proper casting parameters. Uniformity in reinforcement distribution is seen in the base matrix; with higher loadings of TiB 2 , higher grey particles are visible [35]. 15% reinforcement of TiB 2 leads to agglomeration due to faster solidification related to the reinforcements and matrix thermal expansion coefficients [36].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Characterization and strengthening mechanism of CNT/TiB₂ particulates added AZ91D composites

velmurugan

Mohan

2023

Mater. Res. Express

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In the current work, magnesium (AZ91D) matrix composites reinforced with different weight fractions (5, 10, and 15%) of titanium diboride (TiB2) and 1.5 wt.% percent carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are fabricated using stir casting. The improvements in mechanical, wear and corrosion resistance properties are evaluated as per ASTM guidelines. The synergistic strengthening effect of TiB2 and CNT is also studied. It was discovered that the AZ91D/(1.5CNT-10TiB2) composite outperformed other magnesium matrix composites in terms of strength and ductility. Experimental characterization and quantity analysis revealed that the load transfer process of CNT and thermal mismatch, grain refinement are the primary factors leading to the composite's increased tensile strength. Porosity tends to increase as a result of variance in thermal expansion coefficient of particles and matrix material, Orowan strengthening mechanism plays a prominent role towards enhancement of tensile strength. Because of the influence of synergistic strengthening, micro particles TiB2 increased the proportion of load transmission mechanisms and thermal mismatch facilitated the homogenous distribution of CNTs. Wear resistance and corrosion resistance increases with inclusion of CNTs and TiB2 content. Abrasive type wear mechanism is seen from the SEM image and the wear craters are also seen in all the SEM images, adding TiB2 considerably improves the cast composites resistance to corrosion because of grain refinement. Higher addition of TiB2 influences higher pitting corrosion due to poor grain refinement.

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“…The melt temperature is got down to a 600 °C (semi-solid) state, and stirring continues until slurry formation occurs. Then preheated reinforcements are added to the molten melt [22,23] and stirred for about 10 min at 200 rpm, then the melt temperature is got upto to 745 °C and stirred again at 400 rpm for 10 min. Then after the molten composite mixture is poured into preheated (500 °C for 1 h) molds and left for solidification [24].…”

Section: Steps A-dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of age-hardening behaviour of LM4 and its composites using artificial neural networks

Gowrishankar,

Doddapaneni,

Sharma

et al. 2023

Mater. Res. Express

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This research work highlights the prediction of hardness behaviour of age-hardened LM4 and its composites fabricated using a two-stage stir casting method with TiB2 and Si3N4. MATLAB - Artificial Neural Networks is used to predict the age-hardening behaviour of LM4 and its composites. Experiments (hardness and tensile tests) are conducted to collect data for training an ANN model as well as to investigate the effect of reinforcements and age-hardening treatment on LM4 and its composites. The results show that with an increment in the reinforcement wt.%, there is an enhancement in hardness and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) values within the monolithic composites. As-cast hybrid composites display a 37 to 54% improvement in hardness compared to as-cast LM4. Heat-treated samples, specifically those treated with peak aging with MSHT and 100°C aging, perform better than as-cast samples and other heat-treated samples in terms of UTS and hardness. Compared to as-cast LM4, MSHT, and 100°C aged samples display an 85 to 202% increment in VHN. Hybrid composites perform better in terms of hardness, while composites with 3 wt.% of TiB2 (L3TB) perform better in terms of UTS, peak aged (MSHT and 100°C aging) L3TB display 68% increment in UTS when compared to as-cast LM4. ANN model is developed and trained with five inputs (wt.% of TiB2, wt.% of Si3N4, type of solutionizing, aging temperature, and aging time) and one output (VHN) using different algorithms and a different number of hidden neurons to predict the age hardening behaviour of composites. Among them, Lavenberg-Marquardt (LM) training algorithm with normalized data and 30 hidden neurons performs well and shows a least average error of 1.588364. The confirmation test confirms that the trained ANN model can predict the output with an average %error of 0.14 using unseen data.

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Experimental Investigation to Confirm the Presence of TiB2 Reinforcements in the Matrix and Effect of Artificial Aging on Hardness and Tensile Properties of Stir-Cast LM4-TiB2 Composite

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Comparative Study on Mechanical Property and Fracture Behavior of Age-Hardened LM4 Monolithic Composites Reinforced with TiB2 and Si3N4

Comparative Study on Mechanical Property and Fracture Behavior of Age-Hardened LM4 Monolithic Composites Reinforced with TiB2 and Si3N4

Characterization and strengthening mechanism of CNT/TiB₂ particulates added AZ91D composites

Prediction of age-hardening behaviour of LM4 and its composites using artificial neural networks

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Experimental Investigation to Confirm the Presence of TiB2 Reinforcements in the Matrix and Effect of Artificial Aging on Hardness and Tensile Properties of Stir-Cast LM4-TiB2 Composite

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Comparative Study on Mechanical Property and Fracture Behavior of Age-Hardened LM4 Monolithic Composites Reinforced with TiB2 and Si3N4

Comparative Study on Mechanical Property and Fracture Behavior of Age-Hardened LM4 Monolithic Composites Reinforced with TiB2 and Si3N4

Characterization and strengthening mechanism of CNT/TiB2 particulates added AZ91D composites

Prediction of age-hardening behaviour of LM4 and its composites using artificial neural networks

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Product

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Characterization and strengthening mechanism of CNT/TiB₂ particulates added AZ91D composites