Experimental Infection of Fox Squirrels (Sciurus Niger) With West Nile Virus

Root, J. Jeffrey; Oesterle, Paul T.; Nemeth, Nicole M.; Klenk, Kaci; Gould, Douglas; McLean, Robert G.; Clark, Larry; Hall, Jeffrey S.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.697

Cited by 54 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…It increased to 35.5% and 60.0% in early September. Aedes vexans may become infected by feeding on small or medium-sized mammals, which have been reported to have specific antibodies to WNV, 47 shown to produce viremias sufficient to infect mosquitoes, [48][49][50][51] and found naturally infected in the field. 52 The risk that humans will acquire an infectious bite was greatest from the middle of July through the end of August with transmission still occurring in early September (Supplemental Table 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Anderson¹,

Main²,

Armstrong³

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. To investigate arbovirus transmission in North Dakota, we collected and screened mosquitoes for viral infection by Vero cell culture assay. Seven viruses were isolated from 13 mosquito species. Spatial and temporal distributions of the important vectors of West Nile virus (WNV), Cache Valley virus, Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), and trivittatus virus are reported. Snowshoe hare virus, Potosi virus, and western equine encephalomyelitis virus were also isolated. The risks of Culex tarsalis and Aedes vexans transmitting WNV to humans were 61.4% and 34.0% in 2003-2006, respectively, but in 2003 when the largest epidemic was reported, risks for Ae. vexans and Cx. tarsalis in Cass County were 73.6% and 23.9%, respectively. Risk of humans acquiring an infectious bite was greatest from about the second week of July through most of August. West Nile virus sequences were of the WN02 genotype. Most JCV strains belonged to a single clade of genetically related strains. Cache Valley virus and JCV were prevalent during August and early September and during July and August, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Anderson¹,

Main²,

Armstrong³

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Laboratory infection studies to estimate host competence have been published for 44 species of nondomesticated birds in 23 families and 11 orders Reisen et al 2005aReisen et al , b, 2006Reisen et al , 2007aClark et al 2006;Nemeth et al 2006;Owen et al 2006;Reisen and Hahn 2007;Platt et al 2008), 3 species of wild mammals (Tiawsirisup et al 2005b, Root et al 2006, Platt et al 2007, and 5 species of reptiles and one amphibian Komar 2003, Klenk et al 2004). In these experiments, animals are infected by either allowing infectious mosquitoes to feed on them or by an intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of virus.…”

Section: Ecology Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of West Nile Virus Transmission and Its Impact on Birds in the Western Hemisphere

Kilpatrick¹,

LaDeau

Marra

2007

Auk

153

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“…The epidemiologic cycle of the virus requires an arthropod vector, generally a mosquito, and a reservoir. Birds are the most commonly suspected reservoir; however, mammals could also play this role (Root et al, 2006). Research to date suggests that the most sensitive bird species are passerines, as illustrated by their high mortality rate when infected experimentally (Komar et al, 2003;Meulen et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors Associated With West Nile Virus Mortality in American Crow Populations in Southern Quebec

Ludwig

Bigras-Poulin

Michel

et al. 2010

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Soon after the appearance of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America, a number of public health authorities designated the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) a sentinel for WNV detection. Although preliminary studies have suggested a positive association between American Crow mortality and increased risk of WNV infection in humans, we still know little about dynamic variation in American Crow mortality, both baseline levels and mortality associated with WNV. We hypothesized that the complex social behavior of American Crows, which is shaped by age and seasonal factors, influences both baseline mortality and WNV mortality in American Crow populations. We examined American Crow mortality data from Quebec for the 2005 WNV surveillance year, which lasted from 5 June to 17 September 2005. The variables of interest were age, gender, body condition index, time of year, and land cover. We used a log-linear model to examine baseline mortality. Logistic regression and general linear regression models were constructed to examine variables associated with mortality due to WNV. We found that both age and time of year were key variables in explaining baseline mortality. These two variables were also risk factors for WNV mortality. The probability that a carcass tested positive for WNV increased with the age of the dead bird and as summer progressed. WNV-positive carcasses also had a lower body condition index than WNV-negative carcasses. We believe that the first major wave of American Crow mortality observed in the early summer of 2005 was the result of natural mortality among young American Crows. Because this mortality was not linked to WNV, it appears that American Crow may not be a good species for early detection of WNV activity. Our data also suggest that second-year American Crows play a major role in propagating WNV during their movements to urban land covers during midsummer.

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Experimental Infection of Fox Squirrels (Sciurus Niger) With West Nile Virus

Cited by 54 publications

References 21 publications

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Arboviruses in North Dakota, 2003–2006

Ecology of West Nile Virus Transmission and Its Impact on Birds in the Western Hemisphere

Risk Factors Associated With West Nile Virus Mortality in American Crow Populations in Southern Quebec

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