Ecology of West Nile Virus Transmission and Its Impact on Birds in the Western Hemisphere

Kilpatrick, A. Marm; LaDeau, Shannon L.; Marra, Peter P.

doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1121:eownvt]2.0.co;2

Cited by 154 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(129 reference statements)

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“…In murine models, mice lacking individual components of the three pathways of complement activation had marked increases in WNV susceptibility, for example (Mehlhop et al, 2005;Mehlhop and Diamond, 2006). Our observation of a lower E. coli 8739 microbicidal capacity in American Robins compared to Gray Catbirds is consistent with the observations that these two hosts show different competence for WNV and Borrelia infection (Mather et al, 1989;Richter et al, 2000;Ginsberg et al, 2005;Kilpatrick et al, 2007). We speculate that the plasma components of the constitutive innate immune function are responsible for the differences in competence among species exposed to these pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…In arthropod-borne disease systems, for example, additional quantification of vector-host contact rates along with host competence allows the importance of particular host species in contributing to the transmission of a pathogen to be quantified (Kilpatrick et al, 2006;Kent et al, 2009). However, a limitation of laboratory-based studies is that captive birds differ physiologically and immunologically from their wild counterparts (Buehler et al, 2008b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Field Investigation of Innate Immunity in Passerine Birds in Suburban Chicago, Illinois, Usa

Girard

Goldberg

Hamer

2011

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, and it plays a fundamental role in coordinating a protective immune response in birds. Although many studies have evaluated avian immune responses in the laboratory, many fewer studies to date have done so in a field setting. To gain insight into interspecific differences in immune function in wild birds, we used a field-deployed in vitro microbicidal assay to measure constitutive innate immunity of whole blood collected from three common passerines in suburban Chicago, Illinois, in 2009. Data from one microbe, Escherichia coli 8739, revealed that American Robins (Turdus migratorius) had significantly lower bactericidal capacity than House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) or Gray Catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis). Bactericidal capacity for E. coli 8739 tended to be lower for birds infested with chewing lice than those without chewing lice, and male birds had lower microbicidal capacity than females in the case of Staphylococcus aureus. This study demonstrates the potential for field-deployable eco-immunologic tools to inform infectious disease ecology research.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Investigation of Innate Immunity in Passerine Birds in Suburban Chicago, Illinois, Usa

Girard

Goldberg

Hamer

2011

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…15,16 There fore, this virus represents a substantial threat to the native species of Galápagos should WNV reach the archipelago. 17 The most likely pathway for a WNV introduction event to Galápagos is predicted to be human mediated, chiefly by the transport of infected mosquitoes to the islands by airplane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus Vector Competency of Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes in the Galápagos Islands

Eastwood

Kramer²,

Goodman³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The mosquito-transmitted pathogen West Nile virus (WNV) is not yet present in the Galápagos Archipelago of Ecuador. However, concern exists for fragile endemic island fauna after population decreases in several North American bird species and pathology in certain reptiles. We examined WNV vector competency of a Galápagos strain of mosquito ( Culex quinquefasciatus Say). Field specimens were tested for their capacity to transmit the WN02-1956 strain of WNV after incubation at 27°C or 30°C. Rates of infection, dissemination, and transmission all increased with days post-exposure to WNV, and the highest rates were observed at 28 days. Infection rates peaked at 59% and transmission rates peaked at 44% (of mosquitoes tested). Vector efficiency increased after day 14. Rates of infection but not of transmission were significantly influence by temperature. No vertical transmission was detectable. We demonstrate that Galápagos Cx. quinquefasciatus are competent WNV vectors, and therefore should be considered an animal and public health risk for the islands and controlled wherever possible.

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“…1 Numerous avian species in the order Passeriformes are considered competent WNV reservoir hosts, but there is a wide range of viremic responses and hence differential reservoir competence indices within this order, and within families. 2,3 Thus far, information regarding WNV infection of members of the family Hirundinidae (e.g., swallows and martins), order Passeriformes, are lacking. In addition, free-ranging birds are exposed to a range of WNV doses via mosquito bite, and knowledge of potential dosedependent responses among a variety of avian species is relevant to understanding transmission dynamics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with Varying Doses of West Nile Virus

Oesterle¹,

Nemeth²,

VanDalen³

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Cliff swallows ( Petrochelidon pyrrhonota ) were inoculated with differing doses of West Nile virus (WNV) to evaluate their potential role as reservoir hosts in nature. Swallows often nest in large colonies in habitats and months associated with high mosquito abundance and early WNV transmission in North America. Additionally, cliff swallow diet consists of insects, including mosquitoes, leading to an additional potential route of WNV infection. The average peak viremia titer among infected cliff swallows was 10 6.3 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL serum and the reservoir competence index was 0.34. There was no correlation between dose and probability of becoming infected or viremia peak and duration. Oral shedding was detected from 2 to 14 days post-inoculation with an average peak titer of 10 4.4 PFU/swab. These results suggest that cliff swallows are competent reservoir hosts of WNV and therefore, they may play a role in early seasonal amplification and maintenance of WNV.

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Ecology of West Nile Virus Transmission and Its Impact on Birds in the Western Hemisphere

Cited by 154 publications

References 103 publications

Field Investigation of Innate Immunity in Passerine Birds in Suburban Chicago, Illinois, Usa

Field Investigation of Innate Immunity in Passerine Birds in Suburban Chicago, Illinois, Usa

West Nile Virus Vector Competency of Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes in the Galápagos Islands

Experimental Infection of Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with Varying Doses of West Nile Virus

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