Experimental infection of European red deer (Cervus elaphus) with bluetongue virus serotypes 1 and 8

Bluetongue virus serotype 26: Infection kinetics, pathogenesis and possible contact transmission in goats

“…In a study in which red deer were experimentally infected with BTV-1 an in-contact control deer became infected. It was hypothesised that this animal was infected through blood transfer from wounds inflicted through fighting (Lopez-Olvera et al, 2010). Further experiments involving more detailed sampling of a greater number of in-contact goats are necessary in order to confirm if BTV-26 can indeed be spread by contact transmission.…”

Bluetongue Virus in wild ruminants in Europe: Concerns and facts, with a brief reference to bluetongue in cervids in Greece during the 2014 outbreak

“…a febrile syndrome and mucus diarrhoea. Infected hosts can develop a long-lasting viraemia (up to 4 months), while its specific antibodies remain enabled up to seven months after exposure (Lopez-Olvera et al, 2010). To date, there are no reports of clinical bluetongue in natural infections of red deer; therefore, the clinical traits, if any, of the disease in red deer or fallow deer remain unknown.…”

Qualitative veterinary risk assessment of the role of wild deer in the likelihood of incursion and the impact on effective disease control of selected exotic notifiable diseases in England

“…BTV RNA can be detected in red deer following infection although is often low, transient and asymptomatic (Lopez-Olvera et al 2010). Red deer normally becomes infected and viraemic, whereas the roe deer merely mounted an immune response and seroconverted (Linden et al 2010).…”