Experimental identities (after Maastricht)

European Integration, Nationalism and European Identity

“…There is, however, evidence that a more ethnic sense of what it means to be a European exists as well. Holmes (2009) has made the argument that one source of right‐wing political sentiment in Europe is the idea that Europeans are Christian and share a common history that excludes non‐EU foreigners and immigrants. Holmes views people with such a European identity as also being comfortable with a strong ethnic‐based national identity (see also Risse, 2010).…”

“…The parties of the ‘new right’ seek to distance themselves from fascist movements of the inter‐war period. They are generally populist and anti‐establishment, and use authoritarian rhetoric (Betz, 1994; Ignazi, 1992; Kitschelt, 1995; Holmes, 2009). Beginning in the 1980s, the radical right gained momentum and influence in western european democracies for the first time since World War II (Norris, 2005; Hainsworth, 2008).…”

The politics of affect

“…Restated, how could people who were (absolutely) not fascist espouse a series of agendas that could animate something like fascism(s) of and in our time (Holmes 2016)? I employed the concept of "integralism" to straddle this contradiction and demonstrate how seemingly prosaic aspirations could metastasize to yield a European fascism (Holmes 2000(Holmes , 2009. If what we are encountering is indeed fascism, we must address one overriding question: How and why have the most discredited ideas and sensibilities of the modern era-ideas that yielded the indelible horrors of the twentieth century-become persuasive, compelling even, in the new century (Holmes 2016)?…”

Research Methods in European Union Studies

“…Where they have been employed (e.g. Holmes, 2009;Wodak, 2004 as discussed above) they tend to be within the same qualitative methodological traditions. Díez work provides a good example of what a mixed methods research project can achieve.…”