“…Since the steady state is reached around the 200 s mark, the results show a significant enhancement once the thermal management is in place. It is worth noting that the system runs shown utilize a single nitrogen tank, and for continuous operation, tanks will have to be connected in parallel to ensure uninterrupted supply 21 . Figure 10 Error analysis of power run of the compressed air system with (red) and without (blue) thermal management.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To assess the cooling potential in the expansion process, an experimental setup was constructed containing all the major components of a CAES system. Figure 2 shows the schematic of the experimental setup utilized in the work and the previous work by the authors 21 . Figure 2 Schematic of the experimental system.…”
Section: Methods: System Modeling and Experimental Setupmentioning
This work presents findings on utilizing the expansion stage of compressed air energy storage systems for air conditioning purposes. The proposed setup is an ancillary installation to an existing compressed air energy storage setup and is used to produce chilled water at temperatures as low as 5 °C. An experimental setup for the ancillary system has been built with appropriate telemetric devices to measure the temporal temperature variation, which consequently can be used to calculate the heat transfer and available cooling capacity. The system is compared to commercially available compression cooling air conditioners, and the potential of replacing them is promising, as one ton of conventional cooling can be replaced with a 500-L (0.5 m3) air tank at 20 bar operating for an hour. More tanks can be added to extend the operational viability of the system, which is also serving the original purpose of storing energy from grid excess or from solar photovoltaic panels. The thermal management has had the added benefit of increasing the roundtrip efficiency of the storage system from 31.4 to 35.2%, along with handling a portion of the cooling load.
“…Since the steady state is reached around the 200 s mark, the results show a significant enhancement once the thermal management is in place. It is worth noting that the system runs shown utilize a single nitrogen tank, and for continuous operation, tanks will have to be connected in parallel to ensure uninterrupted supply 21 . Figure 10 Error analysis of power run of the compressed air system with (red) and without (blue) thermal management.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To assess the cooling potential in the expansion process, an experimental setup was constructed containing all the major components of a CAES system. Figure 2 shows the schematic of the experimental setup utilized in the work and the previous work by the authors 21 . Figure 2 Schematic of the experimental system.…”
Section: Methods: System Modeling and Experimental Setupmentioning
This work presents findings on utilizing the expansion stage of compressed air energy storage systems for air conditioning purposes. The proposed setup is an ancillary installation to an existing compressed air energy storage setup and is used to produce chilled water at temperatures as low as 5 °C. An experimental setup for the ancillary system has been built with appropriate telemetric devices to measure the temporal temperature variation, which consequently can be used to calculate the heat transfer and available cooling capacity. The system is compared to commercially available compression cooling air conditioners, and the potential of replacing them is promising, as one ton of conventional cooling can be replaced with a 500-L (0.5 m3) air tank at 20 bar operating for an hour. More tanks can be added to extend the operational viability of the system, which is also serving the original purpose of storing energy from grid excess or from solar photovoltaic panels. The thermal management has had the added benefit of increasing the roundtrip efficiency of the storage system from 31.4 to 35.2%, along with handling a portion of the cooling load.
“…Energy storage in CASTs is one of the available energy storage technologies, including electrical, thermal, electrochemical, mechanical, and hydro-pumped. In [16], the use of CASTs as a potential replacement for electrochemical batteries was evaluated. A CAST with a storage pressure of 80 to 100 bar and a capacity of 12 m 3 is equal to that of a 12 V electric battery.…”
Section: Utilization Of Stored Energy In Castsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…16, 1664 21 of 37 with an HSI interface was used to measure the temperature in the range of −25 °C to 100 °C, with an analog signal of 4 to 20 mA, and accuracy ≤ ±0.1 % FS max.…”
This study focusses on the energy efficiency of compressed air storage tanks (CASTs), which are used as small-scale compressed air energy storage (CAES) and renewable energy sources (RES). The objectives of this study are to develop a mathematical model of the CAST system and its original numerical solutions using experimental parameters that consider polytropic charging and discharging processes, changes in the time of the temperature, flow parameters of the inlet and outlet valves under choked and subsonic conditions, and the characteristics of the air motor. This model is used to select CAST as an energy storage system for compressed air generated by compressors and recycling, as well as an energy source to drive DC generators and a pneumatic propulsion system (PPS). A measuring test rig is built to verify the polytropic pressure and temperature variations during CAST charging and discharging obtained from numerical solutions. The topic of discussion is the functional model of a high-pressure air system (HPAS) that contains a CAST connected to an air motor coupled to a mechanical drive for a DC generator or PPS. Such a system is used in small-scale CASTs, which currently respond to socio-economic demands. The presented CAST energy efficiency indicators are used to justify the storage of compressed air energy on a small scale. Small-scale compressed air storage in CASTs is currently important and relevant due to the balance between peak electricity demand and the development of wind energy, photovoltaics, and other renewable energy sources.
“…Another popular technique is compressed-air energy storage (CAES), which uses compressed air to power gas turbines while storing energy as potential energy [75]. Even though this technology can produce a lot of power, it has to be installed in a particular way, has heavy start-up costs, and is expensive to run and maintain [76,77].…”
Electric distribution systems face many issues, such as power outages, high power losses, voltage sags, and low voltage stability, which are caused by the intermittent nature of renewable power generation and the large changes in load demand. To deal with these issues, a distribution system has been designed using both short- and long-term energy storage systems such as superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) and pumped-hydro energy storage (PHES). The aim of this paper is to propose a metaheuristic-based optimization method to find the optimal size of a hybrid solar PV-biogas generator with SMES-PHES in the distribution system and conduct a financial analysis. This method is based on an efficient algorithm called the “enhanced whale optimization” algorithm (EWOA), along with the proposed objective functions and constraints of the system. The EWOA is employed to reduce the hybrid system’s life cycle cost (LCC) and improve its reliability, both of which serve as performance indicators for the distribution system. The proposed method for sizing a grid-connected hybrid solar PV-biogas generator with SMES-PHES is compared with other metaheuristic optimization techniques, including the African vulture optimization algorithm (AVOA), grey wolf optimization algorithm (GWO), and water cycle algorithm (WCA). The numerical results of the EWOA show that the combination of a hybrid solar PV-biogas generator with SMES-PHES can successfully reduce the LCC and increase reliability, making the distribution system work better.
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