Experimental Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay in Large Samples of Mosquitoes

Jupp, P. G.; Grobbelaar, Antoinette A.; Leman, Patricia A.; Kemp, Alan C.; Dunton, Raymond F.; Burkot, Tom; Ksiazek, Thomas G.; Swanepoel, Robert

doi:10.1093/jmedent/37.3.467

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Entomological data indicates that mosquitoes other than flood-associated Aedes are capable of transmitting RVFV under experimental conditions [18,34,35], supporting the possibility of a more prevalent mosquito being the vector for the maintenance cycle. This is because there were no reports of abortions, haemorrhagic disease, or massive deaths in wildlife in the Northeastern and Rift Valley provinces of Kenya during the 2006-2007 RVF outbreaks despite increased public education and surveillance by the KWS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Prevalence of antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in Kenyan wildlife

et al. 2007

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Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus associated with periodic outbreaks, mostly on the African continent, of febrile disease accompanied by abortion in livestock, and a severe, fatal haemorrhagic syndrome in humans. However, the maintenance of the virus during the inter-epidemic period (IEP) when there is low or no disease activity detected in livestock or humans has not been determined. This study report prevalence of RVFV-neutralizing antibodies in sera (n=896) collected from 16 Kenyan wildlife species including at least 35% that were born during the 1999-2006 IEP. Specimens from seven species had detectable neutralizing antibodies against RVFV, including African buffalo, black rhino, lesser kudu, impala, African elephant, kongoni, and waterbuck. High RVFV antibody prevalence (>15%) was observed in black rhinos and ruminants (kudu, impala, buffalo, and waterbuck) with the highest titres (up to 1:1280) observed mostly in buffalo, including animals born during the IEP. All lions, giraffes, plains zebras, and warthogs tested were either negative or less than two animals in each species had low (or= 1:80. These data provide evidence that wild ruminants are infected by RVFV but further studies are required to determine whether these animals play a role in the virus maintenance between outbreaks and virus amplification prior to a noticeable outbreak.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Prevalence of antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in Kenyan wildlife

et al. 2007

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“…Armstrong and others 22 were able to detect the equivalent of 0.1/100 mosquitoes infected with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus by pooling aliquots from homogenates of pools of 100 mosquitoes, and Ross River virus-infected mosquitoes were detected in pools of up to 500 mosquitoes (Sellner LN, unpublished data). More recently, Jupp and others 8 found that single mosquitoes infected with RVF virus could be detected in pools of up to 600 non-infected mosquitoes, and the equivalent of 1/16,000 when pools of 1/100 mosquitoes were diluted in tissue culture medium. Our results confirm large pools of mosquitoes or diluted mosquito pools can be tested using the semi-nested PCR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, to rapidly process the large numbers of mosquitoes required for surveillance purposes, mosquitoes would need to be examined in large pool sizes (> 100), as was recently demonstrated for Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus. 8 This paper describes investigations into the stability of JE virus RNA and virus viability in dead mosquitoes stored on desiccating and anti-fungal reagents, as well as detection of infectious JE virus and viral RNA in large pools of mosquitoes using standard virus isolation techniques 9 and a seminested RT-PCR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and stability of Japanese encephalitis virus RNA and virus viability in dead infected mosquitoes under different storage conditions.

Johansen¹,

Hall²,

Hurk³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. A semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated for detection of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in infected mosquitoes stored under simulated northern Australian summer conditions. The effect of silica gel, thymol, and a combination of the two on RNA stability and virus viability in dead mosquitoes were also examined. While JE virus RNA was relatively stable in mosquitoes held for up to 14 days after death, viable virus was not detected after day 1. Thymol vapor inhibited fungal contamination. Detection of single mosquitoes infected with JE virus in large pools of mosquitoes was also investigated. Single laboratory-infected mosquitoes were detected in pools of Յ 200 mosquitoes and in pools diluted to 0.2/100 and 0.1/100 mosquitoes, using the semi-nested PCR. However, the ability to detect live virus decreased as pool size increased. The semi-nested PCR proved more expensive than virus isolation for pools of 100 mosquitoes. However, the semi-nested PCR was faster and more economical using larger pools. Results indicate that surveillance of JE virus in mosquitoes using the semi-nested PCR is an alternative to monitoring seroconversions in sentinel pigs.

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“…Most mosquito pools contained 200 mosquitoes, which were processed to obtain a supernatant fluid as described by Jupp et al . (2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies

Jupp

Kemp

Grobbelaar

et al. 2002

Medical Vet Entomology

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190

140

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Abstract. In mid-September 2000, Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus was diagnosed as the cause of infection in humans and livestock in Jizan Region, Saudi Arabia. This is the first time that this arbovirus has been found outside Africa and Madagascar. Collections of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) were therefore undertaken (from 25 September to 10 October) at eight sites during the epidemic to obtain mosquitoes for attempted RVF virus isolation. Among 23 699 mosquito females tested, isolations of RVF virus were made from six of 15 428 Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus Giles and from seven of 8091 Aedes vexans arabiensis Patton. Minimum mosquito infection rates per 1000 at sites with infected mosquitoes were 0.3±13.8 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and 1.94±9.03 Ae. v. arabiensis. Viral activity moved northwards as collecting was in progress and collectors`caught up' with the virus at the two most northerly sites on the last two trapping evenings. Other species occurred in small numbers and were identified but not tested. Both Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Ae. v. arabiensis were susceptible to RVF virus and transmitted between hamsters, and an additional quantitative test with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus showed that 71±73% of mosquitoes became infected after ingesting 6.9±7.9 log 10 FFU/mL of virus; transmission rates were 10% (post-infection day 14) and 26% (postinfection day 20). It was concluded that both species were vectors on grounds of abundance, distribution, preference for humans and sheep, the virus isolations and vector competence tests.

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Experimental Detection of Rift Valley Fever Virus by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay in Large Samples of Mosquitoes

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Prevalence of antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in Kenyan wildlife

Prevalence of antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in Kenyan wildlife

Detection and stability of Japanese encephalitis virus RNA and virus viability in dead infected mosquitoes under different storage conditions.

The 2000 epidemic of Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: mosquito vector studies

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