Detection and stability of Japanese encephalitis virus RNA and virus viability in dead infected mosquitoes under different storage conditions.

Johansen, Cheryl A.; Hall, Roy A.; Hurk, Andrew F. van den; Ritchie, Scott A.; Mackenzie, John S.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.656

Cited by 41 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Our data and those of others (Hall-Mendelin et al 2010, van den Hurk et al 2007 clearly showed that infectious mosquitoes expectorate flaviviruses while sugar feeding and that WNV RNA is relatively stable on sugar wicks for over 5 d at ambient temperatures, agreeing with previous laboratory experiments (Johansen et al 2002, Turell et al 2002.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In the current study, the addition of the floral attractant phenyl acetaldehyde (Jhumur et al 2006(Jhumur et al , 2008 seemed to enhance the attraction of a 66% sucrose solution in desert habitats in the Coachella Valley, and we repeatedly were able to detect WNV RNA in sugar wicks exposed for a 5 d period. Our data and those of others (Hall-Mendelin et al 2010, van den Hurk et al 2007 clearly showed that infectious mosquitoes expectorate flaviviruses while sugar feeding and that WNV RNA is relatively stable on sugar wicks for over 5 d at ambient temperatures, agreeing with previous laboratory experiments (Johansen et al 2002, Turell et al 2002.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…However, our previous attempts using a variety of plants, fruits and inflorescence as well as sucrose solutions as trap attractants for Culex were generally unsuccessful, even though both males and females frequently feed on fructose (Reisen et al 1986). In the current study, the addition of the floral attractant phenyl acetaldehyde (Jhumur et al 2006(Jhumur et al , 2008 seemed to enhance the attraction of a 66% sucrose solution in desert habitats in the Coachella Valley, and we repeatedly were able to detect WNV RNA in sugar wicks exposed for a 5 d period.Our data and those of others (Hall-Mendelin et al 2010, van den Hurk et al 2007 clearly showed that infectious mosquitoes expectorate flaviviruses while sugar feeding and that WNV RNA is relatively stable on sugar wicks for over 5 d at ambient temperatures, agreeing with previous laboratory experiments (Johansen et al 2002, Turell et al 2002.Our sugar wick bait stations worked well in the Coachella Valley, but not elsewhere. A single sample was positive in Los Angeles and none were positive when exposed for a brief period during active enzootic transmission in Kern County.…”

supporting

confidence: 92%

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Use of Scented Sugar Bait Stations to Track Mosquito-Borne Arbovirus Transmission in California

2013

jnl. med. entom.

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Laboratory and field research was conducted to determine if Culex tarsalis Coquillett expectorated West Nile virus (WNV) during sugar feeding and if a lure or bait station could be developed to exploit this behavior for WNV surveillance. Experimentally infected Cx. tarsalis repeatedly expectorated WNV onto filter paper strips and into vials with wicks containing sucrose that was readily detectable by a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. Few females (33%, n = 27) became infected by imbibing sugar solutions spiked with high concentrations (10 7 plaque forming units/ml) of WNV, indicating sugar feeding stations probably would not be a source of WNV infection. In nature, sugar bait stations scented with the floral attractant phenyl acetaldehyde tracked WNV transmission activity in desert but not urban or agricultural landscapes in California. When deployed in areas of the Coachella Valley with WNV activity during the summer of 2011, 27 of 400 weekly sugar samples (6.8%) tested positive for WNV RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence of positives varied spatially, but positive sugar stations were detected before concurrent surveillance measures of infection (mosquito pools) or transmission (sentinel chicken seroconversions). In contrast, sugar bait stations deployed in urban settings in Los Angeles or agricultural habits near Bakersfield in Kern County supporting WNV activity produced 1 of 90 and 0 of 60 positive weekly sugar samples, respectively. These results with sugar bait stations will require additional research to enhance bait attractancy and to understand the relationship between positive sugar stations and standard metrics of arbovirus surveillance. Keywordssurveillance; West Nile virus; sugar feeding; bait station; Culex tarsalisIn North America the mosquito-borne encephalitides, including West Nile virus (WNV), are maintained and amplified in enzootic transmission cycles involving vector mosquitoes and a variety of passeriform birds (Komar 2003, Kramer et al. 2008. Surveillance programs track the intensity of enzootic amplification to provide antecedent measures of risk useful in implementing timely intervention to prevent tangential transmission to humans and equines that may suffer neuroinvasive disease and death. Testing groups of mosquitoes (pools) for the presence of virus provides an estimate of infection incidence but not transmission, although virus titer in positive pools may be linked to transmission potential (Armstrong and Andreadis 2010). To monitor the intensity of transmission, groups of sentinel animals such as chickens, are deployed at strategic sites and monitored over time for evidence of infection. However, the bulky nature of chicken coops and the cost of maintenance typically Recently, FTA cards (Whatman International Ltd., Maidstone, United Kingdom) impregnated with honey were used to measure Barmah Forest and Ross River virus transmission by host-seeking mosquitoes collected using traps baited with CO 2 gas (HallMe...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

supporting

confidence: 92%

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Use of Scented Sugar Bait Stations to Track Mosquito-Borne Arbovirus Transmission in California

2013

jnl. med. entom.

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“…In this study, time between the death of swans and the finding of their bodies and collection of tissues and their storage at -80°C was not known. As detectable concentrations of influenza viruses in tissue decrease more rapidly than their RNA content (Johansen et al, 2002), the detection of RNA in organs may often be the only source of information on viral infection. The proportion of viral RNA to live virus in a tissue cannot be assessed without comparison with an experimental infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of avian influenza virus in tissues of mute swans using TaqMan real time qRT-PCR

Rosenbergová¹,

Lány²,

Pospíšil³

et al. 2009

Vet. Med. - Czech

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This study reports on the first quantification of avian influenza virus in the organs of mute swans that died during the epizootic of avian influenza (H5N1) between January and April 2006 in the Czech Republic. The quantitative real-time Reverse Transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) assay based on a TaqMan probe was developed for a rapid detection and quantification of avian influenza virus RNA in clinical samples collected from mute swans. Conserved regions in the matrix protein gene of avian influenza virus served as targets for the primers and TaqMan probe design. A recombinant plasmid containing the matrix protein gene amplicon was constructed for a quantitative assay of copy numbers of the target gene. Quantification of avian influenza virus RNA was accomplished using a standard curve generated from ten-fold serial dilutions of recombinant plasmid DNA in the range of 10 2 to 10 8 copies/µl. Avian influenza virus A/Cygnus olor/Brno-cz/2006 was adapted to grow in VERO cells. In the same passage of cell cultivation, the concentration of viral RNA was determined to be 1.01 × 10 7 copies/ml and TCID 50 was 10 4.2 /ml. From these values the ratio of one RNA copy to 0.00157 virion capable of VERO cells infection was calculated. This ratio was used to estimate the virus concentrations in the tissues of dead mute swans.

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“…7,8,[16][17][18] We have extended these studies by providing a simple and highly effective method for preparation, storage, and transport of mosquito specimens removed from traps by field workers in locations geographically isolated from diagnostic facilities. We deliberately used rudimentary methods for preparing and applying the mosquito samples to the FTA cards which do not require specialized equipment.…”

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confidence: 99%

FTA Cards Facilitate Storage, Shipment, and Detection of Arboviruses in Infected Aedes aegypti Collected in Adult Mosquito Traps

Hall‐Mendelin

Hewitson

Genge

et al. 2017

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The utility of applying infected Aedes aegypti to Flinders Technology Associates (FTA ® ) cards for storage, transport, and detection of dengue, Zika, and Barmah Forest viruses was assessed in laboratory-based experiments. The mosquitoes had been removed from Gravid Aedes Traps maintained under conditions of high temperature and humidity. RNA of all viruses could be detected in infected mosquitoes on FTA cards either individually or in pools with uninfected mosquitoes, and stored for up to 28 days. Importantly, there was only a minimal decrease in RNA levels in mosquitoes between days 0 and 28, indicating that viral RNA was relatively stable on the cards. FTA cards thus provide a mechanism for storing potentially infected mosquitoes collected in the field and transporting them to a central diagnostic facility for virus detection.The global burden of arboviruses continues to increase. Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have emerged across multiple continents in the last decade, whereas the dengue viruses (DENVs) remain the leading cause of arboviral disease in tropical and subtropical regions. 1-3 These viruses are predominantly transmitted by the peridomestic mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.As part of a comprehensive surveillance and control program, arbovirus detection in mosquito populations can incriminate vector species before and during outbreaks, provide information on the geographical distribution and intensity of virus transmission, and provide a template for virus genotyping. A number of adult traps have been developed to sample Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, including sticky ovitraps, Biogents (BG)-sentinel traps (Biogents AG, Regensburg, Germany), and Gravid Aedes Traps (GATs). [4][5][6] DENVs have been detected in mosquitoes removed from these traps in either a field or laboratory setting. [7][8][9] However, during recent dengue outbreaks in the Torres Strait, northern Australia, and the Solomon Islands, we were unable to detect DENVs in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus specimens, despite apparently intense virus transmission as evidenced by human cases. It is likely that mosquitoes may not have been infected, but it was also suspected that viral RNA may have degraded in samples due to suboptimal storage of the samples before dispatch.A potential solution to these issues is storage of mosquitoes on nucleic acid preservation cards, such as Flinders Technology Associates (FTA ® ; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA) cards, which inactivate the virus and bind the liberated RNA within a fiber matrix. Although FTA cards have previously been used to store other viruses, including arboviruses, their utility for storing infected mosquitoes has not been assessed. 10-12 Herein, we report laboratory-based experiments undertaken to evaluate the ability of FTA cards to preserve DENV, ZIKV, and Barmah Forest virus (BFV; an Australian alphavirus related to CHIKV) RNA in individual mosquitoes and in pools of uninfected mosquitoes up to 28 days after being removed from GATs...

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Detection and stability of Japanese encephalitis virus RNA and virus viability in dead infected mosquitoes under different storage conditions.

Cited by 41 publications

References 25 publications

Use of Scented Sugar Bait Stations to Track Mosquito-Borne Arbovirus Transmission in California

Use of Scented Sugar Bait Stations to Track Mosquito-Borne Arbovirus Transmission in California

Quantification of avian influenza virus in tissues of mute swans using TaqMan real time qRT-PCR

FTA Cards Facilitate Storage, Shipment, and Detection of Arboviruses in Infected Aedes aegypti Collected in Adult Mosquito Traps

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