Experimental demyelination with organo‐phosphorus compounds

The Relationship Between the Chemical Structure and Neurotoxicity of Alkyl Organophosphorus Compounds

“…Chickens of mixed breed and both sexes were used throughout, and since age is significant in the development of neurotoxic effects all the birds used were at least 18 months old (Barnes and Denz, 1953). The agents were given intramuscularly as a 1% dilution in 10% ethanol saline (Austin and Davies, 1954), within 0.5 hr.…”

“…Since a similar condition has been observed in man after poisoning by NN'-diisopropylphosphorodiamidic fluoride (mipafox) (Bidstrup and Bonnell, 1954) and in chickens following diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (dyflos), mipafox (Barnes and Denz, 1953) and a number of aryl phosphates other than tri-o-cresyl phosphate (Hine, Dunlap, Rice, Coursey, Gross and Anderson, 1956;Henschler, 1958), the names above are no longer satisfactory for this condition. Because the histological lesions produced by these substances are confined to the nervous system (Smith and Lillie, 1931;Barnes and Denz, 1953;Fenton, 1955;Cavanagh, 1954) it is proposed to refer to this condition as organophosphorus neurotoxicity or, for brevity, neurotoxicity.…”

“…Because the histological lesions produced by these substances are confined to the nervous system (Smith and Lillie, 1931;Barnes and Denz, 1953;Fenton, 1955;Cavanagh, 1954) it is proposed to refer to this condition as organophosphorus neurotoxicity or, for brevity, neurotoxicity.…”

Neurological Disruption Produced in Hens by Two Organophosphate Esters

“…From the initial reports on adulterated alcoholic beverages showing tri-o-cresyl phosphate to be the primary cause of paralysis, various organophosphorus esters including aryl, alkyl, and fluorophosphates have been shown to induce similar effects (reviewed by O'Brien, 1960;Baron, 1962;Heath, 1961;Davies, 1963). The study of the distribution of central and peripheral nervous system lesions, originally described for tri-o-cresyl phosphate by Barnes & Denz (1953), has been extended by other workers to include fluorophosphates (Lancaster, 1960) and a metabolite of tri-o-cresyl phosphate (Baron & Casida, 1962).Tributyl phosphorotrithiolate (DEF) and tributyl phosphorotrithioite (Merphos; Folex) were initially shown by Casida Baron, Eto & Engle (1963) to induce clinical signs of ataxia in hens following a series of intraperitoneal injections. As these two organophosphorus compounds were the first alkyl esters shown to induce signs of delayed neurological ataxia in hens, it was desirable to investigate these effects further.…”

“…From the initial reports on adulterated alcoholic beverages showing tri-o-cresyl phosphate to be the primary cause of paralysis, various organophosphorus esters including aryl, alkyl, and fluorophosphates have been shown to induce similar effects (reviewed by O'Brien, 1960;Baron, 1962;Heath, 1961; Davies, 1963). The study of the distribution of central and peripheral nervous system lesions, originally described for tri-o-cresyl phosphate by Barnes & Denz (1953), has been extended by other workers to include fluorophosphates (Lancaster, 1960) and a metabolite of tri-o-cresyl phosphate (Baron & Casida, 1962).…”