Experimental Cryptographic Verification for Near-Term Quantum Cloud Computing

Chen, Xi; Cheng, Bin; Li, Zhaokai; Nie, Xinfang; Yu, Nengkun; Yung, Man‐Hong; Peng, Xinhua

doi:10.48550/arxiv.1808.07375

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Moreover, we will follow the physical picture previously introduced by the authors in Ref. [25]. Explicitly, let us consider a quantum circuit of n qubits:…”

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confidence: 99%

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Anti-Forging Quantum Data: Cryptographic Verification of Quantum Computational Power

Yung¹,

Cheng²

2020

Preprint

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Quantum cloud computing is emerging as a popular model for users to experience the power of quantum computing through the internet, enabling quantum computing as a service (QCaaS). The question is, when the scale of the computational problems becomes out of reach of classical computers, how can users be sure that the output strings sent by the server are really from a quantum hardware? In 2008, Shepherd and Bremner proposed a cryptographic verification protocol based on a simplified circuit model called IQP (instantaneous quantum polynomial-time), which can potentially be applied to most existing quantum cloud platforms. However, the Shepherd-Bremner protocol has recently been shown to be insecure by Kahanamoku-Meyer. Here we present a generalized model of cryptographic verification protocol, where the Shepherd-Bremner model can be regarded as a special case. This protocol not only can avoid the attack by Kahanamoku-Meyer but also provide several additional security measures for anti-forging quantum data. In particular, our protocol admits a simultaneous encoding of multiple secret strings, strengthening significantly the hardness for classical hacking. Furthermore, we provide methods for estimating the correlation functions associated with the secret strings, which are the key elements in our verification protocol.

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“…Moreover, we will follow the physical picture previously introduced by the authors in Ref. [25]. Explicitly, let us consider a quantum circuit of n qubits:…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as shown in Ref. [25], the probability bias can be related to the correlation function as follows,…”

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confidence: 99%

Anti-Forging Quantum Data: Cryptographic Verification of Quantum Computational Power

Yung¹,

Cheng²

2020

Preprint

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Quantum-Enhanced Machine Learning

Satuluri

Ponnusamy

2021

2021 Smart Technologies, Communication and Robotics (STCR)

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Quantum Internet: The Future of Internetworking

Abelém¹,

Vardoyan²,

Towsley³

2020

Minicursos Do XXXVIII Simpósio Brasileiro De Redes De Computadores E Sistemas Distribuídos

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Quantum information, computation and communication, will have a great impact on our world. One important subfield will be quantum networking and the quantum Internet. The purpose of a quantum Internet is to enable applications that are fundamentally out of reach for the classical Internet. Quantum networks enable new capabilities to communication systems. This allows the parties to generate long distance quantum entanglement, which serves a number of tasks including the generation of multiparty shared secrets whose security relies only on the laws of physics, distributed quantum computing, improved sensing, quantum computing on encrypted data, and secure private-bid auctions. However, quantum signals are fragile, and, in general, cannot be copied or amplified. In order to enable widespread use and application development, it is essential to develop methods that allow quantum protocols to connect to the underlying hardware implementation transparently and to make fast and reactive decisions for generating entanglement in the network to mitigate limited qubit lifetimes. Architectures for large-scale quantum internetworking are in development, paralleling theoretical and experimental work on physical layers and low-level error management and connection technologies. This chapter aims to present the main concepts, challenges, and opportunities for research in quantum information, quantum computing and quantum networking.

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Experimental Cryptographic Verification for Near-Term Quantum Cloud Computing

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Anti-Forging Quantum Data: Cryptographic Verification of Quantum Computational Power

Anti-Forging Quantum Data: Cryptographic Verification of Quantum Computational Power

Quantum-Enhanced Machine Learning

Quantum Internet: The Future of Internetworking

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