Experimental and theoretical investigations of the effect of heteroatom-doped carbon microsphere supports on the stability and storage capacity of nano-Co₃O₄ conversion anodes for application in lithium-ion batteries

Abstract

An experimental and computational study of nanocomposite anodes comprising Co3O4 nanoparticles decorated on nitrogen and sulphur co-doped carbon spheres for appliction in LIBs.

Na4Co3(PO4)2P2O7/NC Composite as a Negative Electrode for Sodium-Ion Batteries

“…These correspond to the disordered and graphitized carbons, which could be attributed to N doping in carbon and decomposed carbons. 30 The peaks appear in the range of 300−1200 cm −1 consistent with the internal modes of P 2 O 7 . 37 The diphosphate ion consists of two PO 4 tetrahedra with a central P−O−P linkage.…”

“…This reaction mixture was filtered and washed with DI water and ethanol followed by overnight drying to obtain hydrothermal char, which was annealed at 900 °C for 3 h in an inert Ar atmosphere, which resulted in the N-doped carbon spheres. 30,32,33 2.2. Synthesis of the NCPP/NC Nanocomposite.…”

Na$_{4}$Co$_{3}$(PO$_{4}$)$_{2}$P$_{2}$O$_{7}$/NC composite as a negative electrode for sodium-ion batteries

“…Whereas, these peaks are at 1349 and 1595 cm −1 , respectively, for the NCPP sample. These are correspond to the disordered and graphitized carbons, which could be attributed to N doping in carbon and decomposed carbons [30]. The peaks appear in the range of 300 cm −1 to 1200 cm −1 con- sistent with the internal modes of P 2 O 7 [37].…”

“…Synthesis of N doped carbon spheres: In order to prepare the N doped carbon spheres, we use 0.1 M of sucrose as a carbon precursor and 0.2 M of ammonium sulphate for N doping, which were dissolved in 100 ml of de-ionized water and stirred for 1 h. Afterwards, the solution mixture was transferred into the Teflon lined stainless steel hydrothermal reactor and heat treated for 4 h at 200 o C. This reaction mixture was filtered and washed with DI water and ethanol followed by overnight drying to obtained hydro-thermal char, which were annealed at 900 • C for 3 h in an inert Ar atmosphere, which resulted in the N doped carbon spheres [30,32,33].…”

“…In order to enhance the electronic conductivity and reversible capacity, incorporation of carbon matrix in the structure is very effective. Moreover, the dopant heteroatoms (N, B, S, P) can provide pseudo-capacitance, enhance the interlayer distance, as well as generate extrinsic defects to provide more active sites for better Li-/Na-ion storage [30][31][32][33][34]. In fact, N doping introduces donor states near the Fermi level, which can enhance conductivity and reactivity by making the impurity sites active both electronically and chemically [35,36].…”