Experimental and numerical investigation of a direct injection spark ignition hydrogen engine for heavy-duty applications

Maio, Giampaolo; Boberic, A.; Giarracca, Lucia; Aubagnac-Karkar, Damien; Colin, Olivier; Duffour, Florence; Deppenkemper, Kai; Virnich, Lukas; Pischinger, Stefan

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.06.184

Cited by 29 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Hydrogen internal combustion engines (ICEs) have seen significant progress in the past decade and have been commercially demonstrated. ,− ICEs can be categorized into two types: compression ignition (CI) and spark ignition (SI). Currently, diesel truck engines are exclusively CI and feature higher compression ratios, leading to better brake thermal efficiencies (BTEs).…”

Section: Lohc Powertrain: Technical Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Partial mixing leads to local fuel-rich zones, which reach higher temperatures during combustion, greatly increasing the NO x emissions. Hydrogen combustion is particularly sensitive to in-cylinder temperatures because NO x is primarily formed through the oxidation of nitrogen in the air, as described by the Zeldovich mechanism. − Also, the hot spots in the engine coupled with the low ignition energy of hydrogen can lead to knock that compromises both the fuel economy and lifetime of the engine. In addition, CI engines rely exclusively on direct injection, which requires higher injection pressures than fuel port injection, which can be used in SI systems .…”

Section: Lohc Powertrain: Technical Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perspective on Decarbonizing Long-Haul Trucks Using Onboard Dehydrogenation of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers

2023

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Decarbonization of long-haul trucks, which are the backbone of global supply chains, is necessary to meet climate goals. Currently, battery electric and conventional hydrogen powertrains are not cost-competitive solutions against diesel. Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs) are a promising fuel option that benefits from synergies with existing retail fuel distribution infrastructure, providing a cost-effective way to transport hydrogen energy. LOHCs are now used to deliver hydrogen gas to refueling stations, where it is then compressed and used to fuel trucks. However, this approach incurs ∼50% energy loss from the endothermic dehydrogenation and compression of hydrogen. We discuss an alternative concept based on onboard hydrogen release to address these pain points. We highlight recent advances in dehydrogenation reactor design, catalyst technologies, and hydrogen combustion engines that are relevant to the proposed system. Deficiencies in current technologies are discussed, along with potential research directions to address them. Initial analysis shows that the LOHC option, charged with blue hydrogen, achieves rough cost parity with diesel. The estimated well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions for this option are approximately one-third of diesel. Based on our analysis, LOHC-powered trucks featuring onboard dehydrogenation are a promising option to decarbonize long-haul trucking. However, making this option a reality will require dedicated study and development of core components for the power-dense, efficient, and robust onboard release of hydrogen from LOHCs along with efficient heat integration between the engine and the dehydrogenation reactor.

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Section: Lohc Powertrain: Technical Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lohc Powertrain: Technical Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective on Decarbonizing Long-Haul Trucks Using Onboard Dehydrogenation of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers

2023

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“…In terms of engine performance, Maio et al [21] made a comparison under HDI and HPI modes and found that HDI allowed a more flexible organization of mixture distribution at the cost a higher wall heat loss. Addepalli et al [22] numerically studied the influence of different structured grids on engine performance.…”

Section: Hydrogen Direct Injectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Combustion Performance Improvement and Nitrogen-Containing Pollutant Control in the Pure Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

Liu

Chen²,

Zuo

et al. 2022

IJAMM

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Review Review of Combustion Performance Improvement and Nitrogen-Containing Pollutant Control in the Pure Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Chun Lu 1, Wei Chen 1,2, Qingsong Zuo 1, Guohui Zhu 1, Yi Zhang 3, and Zhengbai Liu 4,* 1 School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China 2 Foshan Green Intelligent Manufacturing Research Institute of Xiangtan University, Foshan 528311, China 3 School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China 4 School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China * Correspondence: liuzb3@sustc.edu.cn Received: 24 September 2022 Accepted: 21 November 2022 Published: 25 December 2022 Abstract: Hydrogen energy is regarded as the best form to achieve the dual-carbon strategic goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. It is well-known that hydrogen energy has the characteristics of zero carbon, green, high energy, and renewable. Recently, the pure hydrogen internal combustion engine (PH-ICE) has become one of the essential directions of hydrogen energy application due to its outstanding advantages, such as no carbon emission, high efficiency, high reliability, and low pollution. So far, the PH-ICE has aroused great attention from both domestic and foreign auto companies and research institutions. This paper first introduces the latest development status of PH-ICE. Secondly, from the in-engine and out-engine technologies aspects of the PH-ICE, a comprehensive summary of its combustion performance improvement and nitrogen oxide control technology is given. Finally, the future challenges and development trends of the hydrogen ICE are discussed.

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“…However, compared to PFI, DI deteriorates the homogeneity of the flammable mixture formation, increasing nitrogen oxide emissions. 17 Maio et al 18 investigated the effect of the injection strategy on hydrogen engine characteristics using a numerical 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. According to preliminary results, direct injection emits higher NO x emissions owing to its fuel-rich mixture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding hydrogen jet dynamics for direct injection hydrogen engines

Lee

Hwang

Bae

2023

International Journal of Engine Research

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The energy paradigm is shifting toward carbon-free and low-emission alternative fuels. Among the many candidates, hydrogen is considered a promising option thanks to its favorable fuel properties, including zero carbon content, high gravimetric energy density, and fast flame speed, despite its technical fuel production and storage challenges. Direct injection technology has been identified as the best approach for applying hydrogen in combustion engines to overcome the accompanying issues, such as backfire and low energy density. However, studies have yet to be conducted on hydrogen jet behavior in direct injection systems, specifically, studies that elucidate engine design and injection parameter optimization in the combustion system. Therefore, we aimed to assess hydrogen jet behavior through experiments and computational approaches comprehensively. Hydrogen was injected at 10 MPa using the direct injection method into a constant volume chamber under a quasi-steady ambient condition. Z-type high-speed Schlieren imaging was performed using a high-speed camera to visualize the hydrogen jet structure, which depicted the hydrogen jet’s vapor intermittency and vortex structure. We also performed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to understand the aerodynamics of the jet. The results showed the formation of vortical flow in the inner core region, where the pressure was comparatively lower than that on the outer side of the jet. Our further investigation of the injection strategy showed that multiple injections were more beneficial in forming a favorable hydrogen-air mixture near the spark plug than a single injection case.

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Experimental and numerical investigation of a direct injection spark ignition hydrogen engine for heavy-duty applications

Cited by 29 publications

References 54 publications

Perspective on Decarbonizing Long-Haul Trucks Using Onboard Dehydrogenation of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers

Perspective on Decarbonizing Long-Haul Trucks Using Onboard Dehydrogenation of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers

Review of Combustion Performance Improvement and Nitrogen-Containing Pollutant Control in the Pure Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

Understanding hydrogen jet dynamics for direct injection hydrogen engines

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