Experimental and numerical evaluation of metallic compounds for suppressing cup-burner flames

Linteris, Gregory T.; Katta, Vishwanath R.; Takahashi, Fumiaki

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.04.003

Cited by 83 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Recently, there have been a number of studies aimed at determining the effectiveness of extinguishing by aerosols of aqueous solu- tions [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Compounds such as NaCl, KCl, LiI, CH 3 COOK, CoCl 2 , NiCl 2 , NaOH, NaHCO 3 , MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 , MnCl 2 , FeCl 2 , etc., have been studied as additives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire suppression by aerosols of aqueous solutions of salts

Коробейничев

Шмаков

Чернов

et al. 2010

Combust Explos Shock Waves

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Results of laboratory experiments were verified by full-scale tests in which twotypes of model fire sources were extinguished by salt-solution aerosols. The tests showed that short-term action of an aerosol cloud of an aqueous solution of potassium ferricyanide K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] on the flame front of a surface forest fire led to suppression of the gas-phase combustion, and in the case of a model fire source of class A (burning wood) to its complete extinction. The minimum extinguishing mass concentration of K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] in these experiments -4.5 g/m 3 -is close to that measured earlier in laboratory experiments. It was found that, in fire suppression by an aerosol of the aqueous solution of K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ], the volumetric flow rate of this fire suppressant was 30 times lower than the standard flow rate of pure water from a fire hose.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire suppression by aerosols of aqueous solutions of salts

Коробейничев

Шмаков

Чернов

et al. 2010

Combust Explos Shock Waves

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“…The general chemistries available that utilize this mechanism of flame retardancy are halogen-and phosphorus-based flame retardants (24-26), although there are some examples of metals serving as vapor-phase active flame retardants as well (27,28). Depending upon the chemical activity of the flameretardant species in question (halogen or phosphorus), sometimes very little of the flame-retardant chemical is needed to provide a flame-retardant benefit.…”

Section: How Flame Retardants Work All Known Flame Retardants Workmentioning

confidence: 98%

Flame Retardants: Overview

Morgan

Worku

2015

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Flame retardants are a class of chemicals utilized to provide fire safety performance to other materials, structures, and devices used in modern society. These chemicals are highly varied in molecular structure and chemistry and work by one of the following three main mechanisms: vapor‐phase combustion inhibition, endothermic cooling, or condensed‐phase char formation. The chemicals in use today fall into seven main chemical groups including halogenated, phosphorus based, mineral fillers, nitrogen based, intumescent materials, inorganic materials, and polymer nanocomposites. In this article, how flame retardants are used, how they work, and when to use them is discussed. From the article, it will be clear that flame retardants are chemicals employed to provide fire protection for specific materials in specific fire risk scenarios. Specifically, while the term “flame retardant” can cover a wide range of materials and chemicals, not all materials called flame retardants are effective in all materials and against all fire threats. Each flame retardant chemical must be tailored for its end use, and in this article, the criteria for flame retardant selection and use will be discussed in a general manner. This article serves as an overview of flame‐retardant technology from how they are used today, what chemistries are used, and what the future of this technology may be. The article is comprehensive in scope about what this chemical technology is, but cannot provide all of the essential details for proper use of these materials in end‐use fire safety applications. Still, guidance is provided in the article to help the reader to understand the breadth of the technology and where to go to learn more, or how to engage intelligently with fire safety engineers and fire safety scientists to develop fire‐safe materials.

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“…Data on the effectiveness of flame inhibition and extinguishing by the addition of OPCs under laboratory conditions are published in [6][7][8][9][10]. However, most of these data do not allow one to determine the minimum extinguishing concentrations of OPCs in practice; they only make it possible to arrange the compounds in increasing order of flame suppression effectiveness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In this connection, organophosphorus compounds (OPCs), organofluorine compounds (OFCs), and metal-containing compounds (MCCs) are of considerable interest. Results from comparative tests of various flame suppressants are given in [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], but for many compounds, in particular, for low-volatile and composite flame suppressants, experimental data on the minimum extinguishing concentrations (MECs) are not available. The MEC is one of the most important characteristics of flame suppressants, proving estimates of prospects for their future application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing ogranophosphorus, organofluorine, and metal-containing compounds and solid-propellant gas-generating compositions doped with phosphorus-containing additives as effective fire suppressants

Шмаков

Коробейничев

Шварцберг

et al. 2006

Combust Explos Shock Waves

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The development and investigation of new effective and environmentally clean flame suppressants is a promising direction in fire extinguishing. Organophosphorus and metal-containing compounds are the most promising candidates for the replacement of CF 3 Br. However, for many of these compounds, data on their minimum extinguishing concentration are not available. In the present work, the minimum extinguishing concentrations for a number of new phosphorus-and metal-containing compounds and some of their mixtures, solid-propellant gas-generating compositions containing phosphorus additives were determined using the cup-burner technique and a setup with a turbulent flame source and transient application of flame suppressants.

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Experimental and numerical evaluation of metallic compounds for suppressing cup-burner flames

Cited by 83 publications

References 39 publications

Fire suppression by aerosols of aqueous solutions of salts

Fire suppression by aerosols of aqueous solutions of salts

Flame Retardants: Overview

Testing ogranophosphorus, organofluorine, and metal-containing compounds and solid-propellant gas-generating compositions doped with phosphorus-containing additives as effective fire suppressants

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