Experimental and numerical dynamic investigation of an energy efficient liquid cooled chiller-less data center test facility

Performance of a mixed mode air handling unit for direct liquid-cooled servers

“…This method has demonstrated a very high energy saving and cooling efficiency compared with the air cooled based servers as the convective heat transfer using direct liquid cooling is much higher which leads to a lower hot spot temperatures and higher performance of transferring heat out of the IT environment [10,17]. It is also found that the power required to transfer the heat to the environment is 45% less for direct liquid cooled system than air cooled system [18].…”

Dynamic response and control analysis of cross flow heat exchangers under variable temperature and flow rate conditions

“…Due to a mass flow rate changes, the heat transfer coefficient also changes, and leads to changes in the NTU, as shown in Eq. (22). N h and N c can be formulated in the following equations proposed in [11] using the nondimensional parameters NTU 0 , E and R defined above as:…”

Simulation of Thermal Distribution and Airflow for Efficient Energy Consumption in a Small Data Centers

“…Since the equation involves the flow and characteristics of typical dimensions and flow turbulence, the simulation process with the equation model was assumed to be as follows [35][36][37]: (1) Air could be regarded as an incompressible fluid and the flow as steady turbulent flow because indoor air velocity was lower than the velocity of sound. (2) Heat transfer on the surface of the external wall and the server was uniform, and the effects of radiation were ignored in the room according to the steady heat assumption.…”