Performance of a mixed mode air handling unit for direct liquid-cooled servers

Kadhim, Mustafa Amoori; Al-Anii, Yaser; Kapur, Nikil; Summers, J. L.; Thompson, H. M.

doi:10.1109/semi-therm.2017.7896926

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Tradicionalmente, la mayoría de los centros de procesamiento de datos adoptan refrigeración por aire donde las unidades de aire acondicionado de la sala de computadoras bombean volúmenes de aire refrigerado para enfriar los equipos y eliminan el calor al ambiente. A medida que los centros de datos aumentan de tamaño y los sistemas actuales de refrigeración por aire alcanzan sus limitaciones, la tecnología de refrigeración evolucionará inevitablemente hacia sistemas de refrigeración por líquido-aire (híbrido) o líquido [1], [2], [3]. El enfriamiento por agua de los servidores está emergiendo a las plataformas de computación de alto rendimiento debido a los requisitos para el enfriamiento efectivo de servidores de alta densidad y también para el reciclaje efectivo del calor residual [4].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Estudio Numérico Mediante CFD del Proceso de Enfriamiento con Intercambiadores de Calor en Sistemas Computacionales

Toapanta-Ramos

Cortez²,

Quitiaquez³

et al. 2021

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El presente artículo científico trata el estudio y simulación de un radiador que se basa en un intercambiador de calor tubular de flujo cruzado, el cual tiene un propósito de refrigerar el procesador, tarjeta gráfica de una CPU o diversos hardware en los sistemas de computación. Se realizan diversas simulaciones en el programa ANSYS teniendo varias temperaturas de ingreso que van en rangos desde 75 °C hasta 90 °C y con flujos másicos diferentes. Los resultados muestran que, al aumentar la temperatura de ingreso del fluido a refrigerar, la salida de este fluido tambien aumenta. Sin embargo, cuando se aumenta el flujo másico existe una merma en el rechazo de calor en los dispositivos computacionales.

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Estudio Numérico Mediante CFD del Proceso de Enfriamiento con Intercambiadores de Calor en Sistemas Computacionales

Toapanta-Ramos

Cortez²,

Quitiaquez³

et al. 2021

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“…Liquid-cooling systems are expected to allow further improvement in PUE. In particular, the framework developed by [6] shows that Direct Contact Liquid Cooling (DCLC) systems can reduce the PUE down to 1.17. In addition, inter-layer liquid cooling in 3D stacked processors [7] is claimed to be very efficient in hot spot reduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Two-Phase Cooling Efficiency through Thermal-Aware Workload Mapping for Power-Hungry Servers

Iranfar

Pahlevan

Zapater

et al. 2019

2019 Design, Automation &Amp; Test in Europe Conference &Amp; Exhibition (DATE)

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The power density and, consequently, power hungriness of server processors is growing by the day. Traditional air cooling systems fail to cope with such high heat densities, whereas single-phase liquid-cooling still requires high mass flowrate, high pumping power, and large facility size. On the contrary, in a micro-scale gravity-driven thermosyphon attached on top of a processor, the refrigerant, absorbing the heat, turns into a two-phase mixture. The vapor-liquid mixture exchanges heat with a coolant at the condenser side, turns back to liquid state, and descends thanks to gravity, eliminating the need for pumping power. However, similar to other cooling technologies, thermosyphon efficiency can considerably vary with respect to workload performance requirements and thermal profile, in addition to the platform features, such as packaging and die floorplan. In this work, we first address the workload-and platform-aware design of a two-phase thermosyphon. Then, we propose a thermal-aware workload mapping strategy considering the potential and limitations of a two-phase thermosyphon to further minimize hot spots and spatial thermal gradients. Our experiments, performed on an 8-core Intel Xeon E5 CPU reveal, on average, up to 10 C reduction in thermal hot spots, and 45% reduction in the maximum spatial thermal gradient on the die. Moreover, our design and mapping strategy are able to decrease the chiller cooling power at least by 45%.

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“…These studies can be categorised into those focussing on the outdoor environment and those on the IT environment. The former have focused on implementing and enhancing chiller-less designs of the heat rejection systems to the environment [3,4]. However, studies concerning the IT environment can also be divided into two parts depending on the scale of the study, namely server and rack level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rack Level Study of Hybrid Liquid/Air Cooled Servers: The Impact of Flow Distribution and Pumping Configuration on Central Processing Units Temperature

Kadhim

Kapur

Summers

et al. 2019

Heat Transfer Engineering

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The flow distribution and central processing unit (CPU) temperatures inside a rack of thirty 1U (single rack unit) Sun Fire V20z servers retrofitted with direct to chip liquid cooling and two coolant pumping configuration scenarios (central and distributed) are investigated using the EPANET open source network flow software. The results revealed that the servers in the top of the rack and close to the cooling distribution unit can receive up 30% higher flow rate than the servers in the bottom of the rack, depending on the pumping scenario. This results in a variation in the CPU temperatures depending on the position in the rack. Optimisation analysis is carried out and shows that increasing the flow distribution manifold's dimensions can reduce the flow variation through the servers and increase the total coolant flow rate in the rack by roughly 10%. In addition, activating the small pumps in the direct to chip liquid cooling loops inside the servers (distributed pumping) resulted in an increase of 2 in the CPU temperatures at the high computational workload.

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Performance of a mixed mode air handling unit for direct liquid-cooled servers

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

Estudio Numérico Mediante CFD del Proceso de Enfriamiento con Intercambiadores de Calor en Sistemas Computacionales

Estudio Numérico Mediante CFD del Proceso de Enfriamiento con Intercambiadores de Calor en Sistemas Computacionales

Enhancing Two-Phase Cooling Efficiency through Thermal-Aware Workload Mapping for Power-Hungry Servers

Rack Level Study of Hybrid Liquid/Air Cooled Servers: The Impact of Flow Distribution and Pumping Configuration on Central Processing Units Temperature

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