Experimental and Mathematical Tools to Predict Droplet Size and Velocity Distribution for a Two-Fluid Nozzle

Abstract

Despite progress in laser-based and computational tools, an accessible model that relies on fundamentals and offers a reasonably accurate estimation of droplet size and velocity is lacking, primarily due to entangled complex breakup mechanisms. Therefore, this study aims at using the integral form of the conservation equations to create a system of equations by solving which, the far-field secondary atomization can be analyzed through predicting droplet size and velocity distributions of the involved phases. To validate the model predictions, experiments are conducted at ambient conditions using water, methanol, and acetone as model fluids with varying formulation properties, such as density, viscosity, and surface tension. Droplet size distribution and velocity are measured with laser diffraction and a high-speed camera, respectively. Finally, an attempt is made to utilize non-scaled parameters to characterize the atomization process, useful for extrapolating the sensitivity analysis to other scales. The merit of this model lies in its simplicity for use in process control and optimization.

Microbial Preservation and Contamination Control in the Baking Industry

“…In this phase, the liquid is disintegrated into micro-sized droplets, which leads to a vast surface area that enables the rapid evaporation of the solvent. The residence time of the droplets is determined by their size distribution and velocity, depending on the nozzle type [77]. There are few studies on drying this specific type III sourdough, with freeze-drying being the preferred method due to its better cell preservation.…”

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of HIsarna Off-Gas System—Wall Modeling and Heat Loss Prediction

“…and only the measured injection flow rates are available as input data. The injection velocity and approximate diameter for the measured injection flow rate were obtained from the study of Poozesh et al [29]. The spray injection is considered using the cone injection model with a spray angle of 30 degrees, a uniform diameter of 90 µm and an injection velocity of 25 m/s.…”

CFD modelling of the off-gas system of HIsarna iron making process. Part 1: model development using detailed reaction mechanism for post-combustion of CO–H2 mixture and carbon particles

“…The only available data were flowrates of nitrogen and water and the injection spray angle. So for water droplet injection, the data are set based on Poozesh et al [24] which have studied experimental and numerical droplet size and velocity distribution of a two-fluid atomizer. The water droplet diameter is modelled using cone injection with a diameter of 9 × 10 −5 m, injection velocity of 25 m s −1 and spray angle of 30 degree.…”