Experiment-wise Type I error rates in nested (hierarchical) study designs

Sawilowsky, Jack; Markman, Barry S.

doi:10.22237/jmasm/1493596980

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The Benjamini-Hochberg (B-H) procedure was used to minimize the likelihood of false effects due to multiple tests (Benjamini & Hochberg, 1995). The procedure was applied to follow-up tests when the analysis was not a hierarchical model, as hierarchical analyses are sufficiently conservative (Gelman & Hill, 2007) and such corrections significantly limit power (Sawilowsky & Markman, 2017).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Your bias is rubbing off on me: The impact of pretrial publicity and jury type on guilt decisions, trial evidence interpretation, and impression formation.

Ruva

Coy

2020

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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Pretrial publicity (PTP) can bias jurors' decisions. The courts often assume such bias can be ameliorated or reduced by jury deliberations. This study explored the effects of PTP (antiprosecution, antidefense, or no-PTP) and jury type (pure vs. mixed) on mock-jurors'/juries' (N ϭ 495/96) verdicts, impressions, and trial evidence interpretation. PTP affected predeliberation verdicts, with antidefendant PTP jurors being the most likely to render guilty verdicts, and antiprosecution PTP jurors the least likely. At the jury-level, only the pure antiprosecution juries (all jurors read antiprosecution PTP) showed evidence of PTP bias by being the least likely to render guilty verdicts. Comparison of pre-and postdeliberation verdicts revealed that deliberating on pure juries increased PTP's biasing effect on verdicts (group polarization) of antiprosecution PTP jurors, and resulted in more biased credibility ratings for antiprosecution and antidefendant PTP jurors. Regardless of jury type, no-PTP and antidefendant-PTP jurors were less likely to vote guilty after deliberations than prior to them (leniency shift), and their postdeliberation verdicts did not significantly differ. Finally, deliberating on mixed juries resulted in the transfer of PTP-bias from antiprosecution PTP jurors to no-PTP jurors. Implications include that PTP biases jurors' decisions and impressions, and the effect of deliberations on PTP bias may depend on PTP slant, jury type, and case type. Deliberations can increase bias in PTP-exposed jurors deliberating on pure juries and spread PTP bias from PTP-exposed jurors to those not exposed to PTP, but additional research is needed to better understand the circumstances under which each occurs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Your bias is rubbing off on me: The impact of pretrial publicity and jury type on guilt decisions, trial evidence interpretation, and impression formation.

Ruva

Coy

2020

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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“…The H ‐test was used to test whether the distribution of stem density and basal area differed between stands. For statistically significant results ( p < 0.05), Dunn's Kruskal–Wallis multiple comparisons were used with Holm's p ‐adjusted method and a correction to control the experiment‐wise Type I error rate (

\overset{ε}{true}

2 ) to accurately determine difference between stands (Sawilowsky & Markman, 2017). We used an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model to adjust for the effect of varying time and site covariates on post‐sunset temperature (Oakes & Feldman, 2001).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonotype‐level responses of Afrotropical hipposiderid bats to local‐scale effects of rainforest structure

et al. 2023

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Bats exhibit a variety of life‐history traits that can serve as valuable surrogate metrics of terrestrial ecosystem health. Here, we investigate how sonotype activity of hipposiderid bats covaries with habitat structure at finer spatial scales. We recorded passive echolocation calls and measured key habitat attributes in six rainforests in the Lomami and Yangambi landscapes, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Using bat passes as a measure of sonotype activity, we clustered echolocation calls based on call structure similarity to control for within‐sonotype variation in activity. Over 432 h of recording, we detected 370 passes matching a hipposiderid sonotype in three subgroups, recovering eight potential species. Open habitats negatively affected sonotype activity in the Hipposideros subgroup, which was associated with higher echolocation frequencies. Indeed, activity peaked in the early evening when mean post‐sunset temperature was above the nocturnal average and declined until early morning when mean temperatures dropped below the nightly average. All habitat variables were marginally correlated with the activity of the Doryrhina subgroup, whereas Macronycteris was more active in open habitats. Our findings indicate a probable flexibility of habitat use in lower echolocating bats and point to three possible foraging guilds that modulate hipposiderid bat responses to habitat structure.

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“…For all our inferential tests, we used an alpha threshold of .05 without correction for family-wise errors in light of our (conditional) hierarchical approach (Sawilowsky & Markman, 2017) and the absence of union-intersecting testing (Parker & Weir, 2020). We opted for a data-driven, stepwise approach to our profiling analyses because we could not rely on earlier multilayer-multivariate research in this area to guide our variable selection and because we met key conditions for stepwise to lead to correct model choices (i.e., large but not too large number of predictors, no multi-collinearity, large sample size; Ganeshanandam & Krzanowski, 1989;Olejnik, Mills, & Keselman, 2000).…”

Section: Multivariate Profilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seeking and avoiding contact with Muslims at a Hijab Stall: Evidence for multilayer, multi‐determined solidarity, courage, apathy, and moral outrage

Паолини

Azam

Harwood

et al. 2021

British J Social Psychol

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Intergroup contact is key to social cohesion, yet psychological barriers block engagement with diversity even when contact opportunities are abundant. We lack an advanced understanding of contact seeking because intergroup contact is often an independent variable in research, and studies on contact seeking have favoured experimental probing of selected factors or measured only broad behavioural intentions. This research carried out the first ecological tests of a novel multilayer-multivariate framework to contact seeking/avoiding. These tests were centred on a Muslim-led community contact-based initiative with visible support from local authorities following a terrorist attack. Non-Muslim Australian women (N = 1,347) contributed field data on their situated contact motivations, choices, and attendance at an intercultural educational stall; many (N = 559) completed a profiling test battery. Among those who responded to the initiative invite, the rate of taking up the high-salience contact opportunity in this heated setting was high and reflected multiple approach/avoidance motivations. Contact seeking/avoiding was not just allophilia/prejudice; it presented as new typologies of politicized solidarity, courage, apathy, and moral outrage. While intergroup predictors were significant across all profiling analyses, intrapersonal and interpersonal predictors also regularly contributed to explain variance in non-Muslims' contact motivations and choices, confirming their multilayer-multivariate nature.

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Experiment-wise Type I error rates in nested (hierarchical) study designs

Cited by 3 publications

References 13 publications

Your bias is rubbing off on me: The impact of pretrial publicity and jury type on guilt decisions, trial evidence interpretation, and impression formation.

Your bias is rubbing off on me: The impact of pretrial publicity and jury type on guilt decisions, trial evidence interpretation, and impression formation.

Sonotype‐level responses of Afrotropical hipposiderid bats to local‐scale effects of rainforest structure

Seeking and avoiding contact with Muslims at a Hijab Stall: Evidence for multilayer, multi‐determined solidarity, courage, apathy, and moral outrage

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