“…Stringers on the stiffened panels carry out and transfer loads. There are different shapes of stringers that are commonly riveted to the skin, i.e., C-shape [ 24 ], hat-shape [ 25 , 26 ], I-shape [ 24 , 27 ], J-shape [ 28 ], L-shape [ 24 , 29 , 30 ], T-shape [ 29 , 31 ], and Z-shape [ 32 , 33 ]. Due to the advantages of high stability, superior damage tolerance [ 34 ], and light weight [ 35 , 36 ], grid stiffened panels have been applied in the aircraft and aerospace industries.…”