Experiencias y aprendizajes del desarrollo de variedades de frijol de manera participativa en el norte de Nicaragua

Abstract

Experiencias y aprendizajes del desarrollo de variedades de frijol de manera participativa en el norte de Nicaragua. Esta publicación describe un proyecto piloto de fitomejoramiento en el Norte de Nicaragua. Semillas de frijol de la generación F3 con base en tres cruces triples, hechos en CIAT, Colombia, fueron entregadas a cinco agricultores de dos localidades. Por medio de selección dentro y entre familias, cada agricultor desarrolló una línea avanzada de frijol con resistencia al Mosaico Dorado adaptado a sus condiciones de producción y preferencias. La comparación y validación de las líneas avanzadas con una variedad testigo, resultó en la identificación de dos materiales que se comportaron mejor que el testigo en el área, considerando las evaluaciones de rendimiento, valor comercial (color de grano) y características culinarias. Estas líneas promisorias fueron bautizadas y lanzadas en octubre 2004. El proceso de participación es descrito considerando un número de factores incluyendo el proceso en el transcurso de tiempo. Los resultados de este proyecto piloto prueban que es posible desarrollar variedades superiores en campos de agricultores y con la participación de ellos. El desafío del escalamiento e institucionalización presentan preguntas que solamente se puede contestar con experiencias reales.

The joint development of JM-12.7: A technographic description of the making of a bean variety

“…The breeder suggested crossing the variety that was most popular in the villages before the GMV became problematic, with GMV-resistant advanced lines he had received from the CIAT bean breeding programme in Cali. Because the crossing and production of sufficient seeds to plant trials would take more than a year, he proposed to provide the farmers with F3-seeds of 15 bean families, originating from 3 crosses that had various sources of GMV resistance [26]. With these, the breeder, the NGO technician and the farmers would start to experiment and learn about evaluation and selection until they had sufficient seeds originating from the new crosses.…”

“…Following these trials, the entire group was involved in the decision to select the lines developed by José Manuel García and Juan García. The final decision was based on the yield and greater stability of these lines over various environments, as shown by the breeders' statistical analysis [26]. The variety of José Manuel was found to be the most stable, meaning that it had the widest adaptation and largest commercial potential.…”

Response to farmer mass selection in early generation progeny of bread wheat landrace crosses

“…Moreover, as there is a high level of heterozygosity, differences are difficult to assess. Most of the selection in PPB programs described in the literature are carried out within more advanced generations, for example F 3 , F 4 , F 5 in barley and bean 6 , 15 , 42 ; F 5 for rice 41 ; and F 3 and F 4 in sorghum 14 . In this study, the farmer's objective was to save time and subject the populations to the conditions of the target environment as soon as possible.…”

“…Most of the selection in PPB programs described in the literature are carried out within more advanced generations, for example F 3 , F 4 , F 5 in barley and bean 6,15,42 ; F 5 for rice 41 ; and F 3 and F 4 in sorghum 14 . Moreover, as there is a high level of heterozygosity, differences are difficult to assess.…”

“…In addition, participation of farmers is required to benefit from their experience and expertise in varietal evaluation in their particular environment 12 , and to implement selection in a way that will respond to their specific needs. This participation also empowers farmers and leads to more autonomy with respect to varietal choices and the promotion of farmers' rights 3,13 .This approach has already proved to be efficient in developing countries 7,12,[14][15][16][17][18] but has started only recently in Europe, with new programs showing promising results 10,[19][20][21][22][23] .…”