Expectancy, Attention, and Time

Barnes, Ralph M.; Jones, Mari Riess

doi:10.1006/cogp.2000.0738

Cited by 289 publications

(378 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…vanMarle and Wynn (2006) reported that 6-month-old infants can discriminate event durations between 2 and 4 s. Brannon et al (2004Brannon et al ( , 2008 additionally showed that 10-month-old infants can detect changes in temporal rhythm by detecting a temporal deviation in a stream of tones formed by a regular inter-stimulus interval. In terms of infants' ability to benefit from rhythmic and regular patterns, their behavior is similar to that observed in adult research (Large and Jones, 1999;Barnes and Jones, 2000;Sanabria et al, 2011).…”

Section: Stages Of Development Of the Attention Systemsupporting

confidence: 67%

Components of the Language-Ready Brain

Boeckx¹,

Benítez‐Burraco²

2016

Frontiers Research Topics

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Section: Stages Of Development Of the Attention Systemsupporting

confidence: 67%

Components of the Language-Ready Brain

Boeckx¹,

Benítez‐Burraco²

2016

Frontiers Research Topics

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“…Large and Jones (1999) found that time change detection accuracy was better when stimuli occurred at unexpected times and that duration estimation accuracy was better when stimulus events occurred at expected times, where expected times were defined by DAT. Barnes and Jones (2000) found that duration judgments about a standard and a comparison interval were most accurate when the temporal context preceding the standard had a simple harmonic relationship to the standard interval. In all of these studies, temporal context altered sensitivity to temporal information in a direction consistent with a coupled oscillator mechanism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Such a concept implies a dynamic change, and indeed, many dynamic phenomena related to attention have been described. We investigated the ability of deterministic oscillator and stochastic timing models to account for the temporal allocation of attention, using both qualitative and quantitative approaches to chronometric data.A theoretical account of dynamic attention by Jones (1976) has been the focus of several recent studies (Barnes & Jones, 2000;Large & Jones, 1999;McAuley & Kidd, 1998;Olsen & Chun, 2001). According to dynamic attending theory (DAT;Jones, 1976;Jones & Boltz, 1989;Large & Jones, 1999), attention is guided through time by internal oscillators termed attending rhythms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronometric evidence for entrained attention

Martin

Egly

Bish

et al. 2005

Perception & Psychophysics

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The concept of attention is invoked to explain limitations on the amount of information that cognitive systems can process per unit time and differences in performance to identical input under different antecedent conditions. Although there are many approaches to explaining such observations, it seems appropriate to summarize attention as a process modulating the selection, sensitivity, and efficiency of a limited capacity for information processing (cf. Kinchla, 1992;Posner, Snyder, & Davidson, 1980). Such a concept implies a dynamic change, and indeed, many dynamic phenomena related to attention have been described. We investigated the ability of deterministic oscillator and stochastic timing models to account for the temporal allocation of attention, using both qualitative and quantitative approaches to chronometric data.A theoretical account of dynamic attention by Jones (1976) has been the focus of several recent studies (Barnes & Jones, 2000;Large & Jones, 1999;McAuley & Kidd, 1998;Olsen & Chun, 2001). According to dynamic attending theory (DAT;Jones, 1976;Jones & Boltz, 1989;Large & Jones, 1999), attention is guided through time by internal oscillators termed attending rhythms. Attending rhythms are coupled to the environment through perception. This coupling causes them to become correlated with the environment through a process of entrainment when the temporal structure of the environment is autocorrelated. Attention is then focused on an epoch with an intensity that depends on the phase relationship (i.e., the degree of correlation) between the environmental event stream and the attending rhythms. Specifically, the greater the degree of synchronization between the internal oscillator and the external sequence, the narrower and more intense the attentional pulse becomes.Much of the evidence for DAT comes from nearthreshold detection tasks for timing information. Jones and Yee (1997) found that temporal just-noticeable differences were smaller for intervals embedded in rhythmic sequences than for randomly timed sequences, even though the rhythmic sequences were more variable. Jones and Boltz (1989) found that discrimination between the duration of two melodies was influenced by whether or not the last note of one melody violated a temporal pattern established by the preceding notes. Large and Jones (1999) found that time change detection accuracy was better when stimuli occurred at unexpected times and that duration estimation accuracy was better when stimulus events occurred at expected times, where expected times were defined by DAT. Barnes and Jones (2000) found that duration judgments about a standard and a comparison interval were most accurate when the temporal context preceding the standard had a simple harmonic relationship to the standard interval. In all of these studies, temporal context altered sensitivity to temporal information in a direction consistent with a coupled oscillator mechanism.The use of near-threshold detection measures of timing has invited comparisons between DAT and temporal...

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“…For example, when throwing a ball at a target, the spatial accuracy relies, at least partially, on precise motor timing; however, subjects may not be explicitly aware of the timing of individual components of this complex multijoint movement (1,2). Similarly, subjects may improve the speed and accuracy of performing a perceptual task by implicitly using temporal information to predict the timing of sensory stimuli (i.e., temporal expectancy) (3,4). More directly, implicit timing can be conceptualized as a critical component of classical conditioning and other stimulus/response association processes such as implicit learning and automatic behavior.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of olivocerebellar system in timing without awareness

Ashe²,

Bushara

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The timing of events can be implicit or without awareness yet critical for task performance. However, the neural correlates of implicit timing are unknown. One system that has long been implicated in event timing is the olivocerebellar system, which originates exclusively from the inferior olive. By using event-related functional MRI in human subjects and a specially designed behavioral task, we examined the effect of the subjects' awareness of changes in stimulus timing on the olivocerebellar system response. Subjects were scanned while observing changes in stimulus timing that were presented near each subject's detection threshold such that subjects were aware of such changes in only approximately half the trials. The inferior olive and multiple areas within the cerebellar cortex showed a robust response to time changes regardless of whether the subjects were aware of these changes. Our findings provide support to the proposed role of the olivocerebellar system in encoding temporal information and further suggest that this system can operate independently of awareness and mediate implicit timing in a multitude of perceptual and motor operations, including classical conditioning and implicit learning.cerebellum | visual E ncoding the timing of events is an inherent component of perceptual and motor tasks. Such timing can be implicit or without the subject's awareness yet important for performance regardless of the goal of the task. For example, when throwing a ball at a target, the spatial accuracy relies, at least partially, on precise motor timing; however, subjects may not be explicitly aware of the timing of individual components of this complex multijoint movement (1, 2). Similarly, subjects may improve the speed and accuracy of performing a perceptual task by implicitly using temporal information to predict the timing of sensory stimuli (i.e., temporal expectancy) (3, 4). More directly, implicit timing can be conceptualized as a critical component of classical conditioning and other stimulus/response association processes such as implicit learning and automatic behavior. However, implicit timing or timing without awareness has been difficult to characterize in experimental settings, especially in animal studies, and its neural correlates remain poorly understood (5). One system that has long been implicated in event timing is the olivocerebellar system, which originates exclusively in the inferior olive (6-12). Whether the olivocerebellar system mediates timing without awareness has not been demonstrated directly to our knowledge. However, the capacity of the inferior olive and the climbing fiber system to encode temporal information independently of awareness is supported by indirect evidence from classical conditioning and single cell recording literature (10)(11)(13)(14)(15)(16). In the few imaging and lesion studies in humans that specifically addressed the cerebellar contribution to implicit timing, the term "implicit timing" has not been strictly defined as timing without awareness (5,(17)(18)(19)(2...

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Expectancy, Attention, and Time

Cited by 289 publications

References 81 publications

Components of the Language-Ready Brain

Components of the Language-Ready Brain

Chronometric evidence for entrained attention

Role of olivocerebellar system in timing without awareness

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