“…This results in practice based on history and tradition (Karp and Stenmark, 2011), rather than empirical evidence, with Koerner and Staller (2020) and Koerner and Staller (2019b) arguing that decisions within the 'how-dimension' of police training are less the result of professional trainer education than an (uncontrolled) effect of socialization, resulting in a selfreferenced, anecdotal approach to training practice based on 'what-works' and what trainers perceive 'gets results' (Cushion, 2020). Bruner (1999) (Waddington, 1999;Karp and Stenmark, 2011;Beighton et al, 2015). Traditional police training pedagogy has been characterized as militaristic, instructor-centric, linear, based on behavioural education ideology, and list-orientated (e.g., Beighton et al, 2015;Basham, 2014;Cushion 2020;Staller et al, 2021;Werth, 2011;O'Shea and Bartowiak-Théron, 2019;inter-alia).…”