“…Although our understanding in this regard remains rather limited, new exciting work is emerging rapidly. Chen (2021) also articulates the need, along with Godwin-Jones (2021) and MacWhinney (2021), to make DLL more complete by not only considering MALL, VR, and GBLL, but also RALL (robot-assisted language learning), social media tools, captioned videos, Google maps and so on (MacWhinney, 2017; Presson, Davy & MacWhinney, 2013; Sykes, 2017). As mentioned by Chen, multiple language teaching approaches have been implemented by RALL, and it is attracting attention from language educators and researchers particularly because of its ability to integrate advanced AI technologies, including speech recognition, NLP, and machine learning (Cheng, Wang, Yang, Yang & Chen, 2021).…”