Exosomes in Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease

Abstract

Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles released by all cell types and involved in local and systemic intercellular communication. In the past decade, research into exosomes has swelled as their important role in the mediation of health and disease has been increasingly established and acknowledged. Exosomes carry a diverse range of cargo including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids derived from their parental cell that, when delivered to the recipient cell, can confer pathogenic or therapeutic effects through modulation of immunity and inflammation. In this review, the role of exosomes on mediation of immune and inflammatory responses, and their participation in diseases with a significant inflammatory component is discussed. The considerable potential for exosomes in therapy and diagnosis of inflammatory diseases is also highlighted.

Pathogenic role of exosomes and microRNAs in HPV‐mediated inflammation and cervical cancer: A review

“…Exosomes are vehicles that are able to transfer nucleic acids, proteins and lipids from donor cells to recipient cells, thereby influencing the target cell metabolism . Multiple studies have assessed the effect of exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases, sepsis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis and diabetes, and taken together, suggest that exosomes may participate in the development of several inflammatory diseases . Although inflammatory mediators (chemokines and cytokines) are the major players in the initiation of the inflammatory response, increasing evidence supports the longer term connection between inflammation and exosomes .…”

“…Multiple studies have assessed the effect of exosomes in neurodegenerative diseases, sepsis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis and diabetes, and taken together, suggest that exosomes may participate in the development of several inflammatory diseases . Although inflammatory mediators (chemokines and cytokines) are the major players in the initiation of the inflammatory response, increasing evidence supports the longer term connection between inflammation and exosomes . Immunosuppression and inflammation are well‐established factors that govern the progression of cancer, while exosomes derived from tumor cells are also involved in the modulation of inflammation and immune system to promote tumorigenesis.…”

“…Immunosuppression and inflammation are well‐established factors that govern the progression of cancer, while exosomes derived from tumor cells are also involved in the modulation of inflammation and immune system to promote tumorigenesis. Exosomes originating from gastric cancer or breast cancer cells have been demonstrated to trigger the activation of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB), which causes the production and release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), tumor necrosis factor ‐ α (TNF‐α) and interleukin 6 (IL ‐ 6) . Furthermore, macrophages treated with exosomes can cooperatively increase the invasive and migratory properties of tumor cells .…”

“…Exosomes originating from gastric cancer or breast cancer cells have been demonstrated to trigger the activation of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB), which causes the production and release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including C‐C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), tumor necrosis factor ‐ α (TNF‐α) and interleukin 6 (IL ‐ 6) . Furthermore, macrophages treated with exosomes can cooperatively increase the invasive and migratory properties of tumor cells . However, the role of CC‐derived exosomes in the modulation of inflammation and how they contribute to CC progression has not yet been fully studied.…”

Recent advances of exosomes in immune-mediated eye diseases

“…More attractively, several studies proposed that inflammatory stimulation increased secretion of MSC-Exos and even enhanced their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties [44][45][46]. However, although exosomes possess versatile biological functions including immunomodulation [47], pro-regeneration [48], anti-inflammation [49], and tumor growth regulation [50] (Table 1), the field of exosome research in eye diseases currently remains relatively less explored.…”