Exosomes in HIV infection

Abstract

Purpose of review The exosomes play a critical role in HIV infection, which constitute a pathway to release intracellular material and exchange material and information between cells. Exosomes have become a hotspot in the field of AIDS research. This review introduces the formation process of HIV particles and exosomes, and summarizes the role of exosomes in the progression of HIV disease from multiple aspects. Recent findings Many components of the exosomes involved in HIV transfer and replication affect the occurrence, development, and outcome of AIDS, and are closely related to HIV infection. Exosomes can have a dual impact on HIV infection, and play an important role in activating the latent reservoir of HIV and affecting the chronic inflammation of HIV. The biological information carried by exosomes is also of great significance for the prediction of HIV disease. Summary The present review summarizes the role of exosomes in HIV disease progression in various aspects in order to further understand the underlying mechanism affecting the infection and providing a new idea for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of AIDS.

Plasma CD16+Extracellular Vesicles Associate with Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in HIV+Adults on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

“…Taken together, these results imply that plasma EV-derived monocytes may inform cardiovascular risk through inflammation and immune activation among individuals on cART with viral suppression. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying this relationship remains undefined, though candidate mechanisms include EV-associated cytokines ( 33 ), viral proteins, microRNA (miRNA), bioactive lipids, or other EV cargo (reviewed in reference 34 ).…”

Exosome Processing and Characterization Approaches for Research and Technology Development

“…Exosomes isolated from patients with infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS reflect the disease state in the body. [ 195 , 196 ] Exosome isolation techniques and challenges have been outlined below for HIV/AIDS. Nef proteins secreted by exosomes derived from HIV‐infected cells trigger T‐cell death and promote disease progression, making exosome isolation a valuable tool in determining HIV patient prognosis.…”

The role of Exosomal miRNAs in cancer

“…At present, exosomes have been found to be mainly generated by mechanisms dependent on or independent of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT).ESCRT consists of different protein complexes and helper proteins, which participate in the formation of membrane-invagination and polyvesicle body (MVBs), and mediates the fusion of MVBs with cell membrane, resulting in the formation of exosomes. Meanwhile, IT has been found that MVBs can also be produced in a mechanism independent of ESCRT, enriching the research on exosome formation [ 5 ].…”