Exosomes Derived from SW480-Resistant Colon Cancer Cells Are Promote Angiogenesis via BMP-2/Smad5 Signaling Pathway

Abstract

Background. Multidrug resistance is the main cause of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the mechanism and treatment of drug resistance of tumor cells. We aim to investigate the relationship between drug resistance and angiogenesis in SW480 colon cancer cells and the possible underlying mechanism. Methods. Exosomes were extracted from SW480-sensitive or SW480-resistant colon cancer cells (SW480/oxaliplatin). The CCK-8 assay, migration assay, tube formation assay, qPCR, and Western blotting were performed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The underlying mechanisms were detected by Western blotting assays and BMP-2 si-RNA silencing assay in vitro and in vivo. Results. The conditioned medium and exosomes of SW480/oxaliplatin cells promoted proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs. The expression of BMP-2 released by SW480/oxaliplatin exosomes was 2.3-folds higher than that by SW480 exosomes. Additionally, exosomal BMP-2 inhibiting the Smad signaling pathway induced the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and CD31. Silencing of BMP-2 partly blocks the promoting effect of SW480/oxaliplatin exosomes on angiogenesis. Moreover, SW480/oxaliplatin cells increased the BMP-2 expression, consequently promoting angiogenesis in vivo. Conclusions. SW480-resistant colon cancer exosomes promoted angiogenesis via the BMP-2/Smad signaling pathway, which is potential for the novel treatment for antiangiogenic therapies in colon cancer.

Retracted: Exosomes Derived from SW480-Resistant Colon Cancer Cells are Promote Angiogenesis via BMP-2/Smad5 Signaling Pathway

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process: Discrepancies in scope Discrepancies in the description of the research reported Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described Inappropriate citations Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article Peer-review manipulation …”

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process:…”

Parental Exposure to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Bisphenol-A Bis(diphenyl phosphate) Impairs Vascular Development in Offspring through DNA/RNA Methylation-Dependent Transmission

“…Furthermore, pi3k and akt1 , downstream genes of the Notch1/Vegfr2 pathway, exhibited a significant decrease after 30 ng/L BDP exposure. Additionally, smad5 , angptl4 , mmp2 , and mmp14 , responsible for angiogenesis and vascular development, were downregulated in offspring following parental exposure to BDP. The observed gene expression patterns are shown in Figure S6B.…”