Abstract:Breast cancer is the most frequent type of malignancy, and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women across the globe. Exosomes are naturally derived 50-150 nm nanovesicles with a...
“…As shown in Fig. 6 , the preparation of exosomal-membrane-coated nanosystems typically comprises three steps: 1) extraction of exosomal membranes through hypotonic treatment of exosomes, 2) selection and synthesis of the NP inner core, and 3) coating of the synthesized NP core with the extracted exosomal membrane to form a core–shell nanostructure [ 192 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Fabrication: Engineering Of Exosomal-membrane-coated Npsmentioning
A bio-inspired strategy has recently been developed for camouflaging nanocarriers with biomembranes, such as natural cell membranes or subcellular structure-derived membranes. This strategy endows cloaked nanomaterials with improved interfacial properties, superior cell targeting, immune evasion potential, and prolonged duration of systemic circulation. Here, we summarize recent advances in the production and application of exosomal membrane-coated nanomaterials. The structure, properties, and manner in which exosomes communicate with cells are first reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the types of exosomes and their fabrication methods. We then discuss the applications of biomimetic exosomes and membrane-cloaked nanocarriers in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, imaging, and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we appraise the current challenges associated with the clinical translation of biomimetic exosomal membrane-surface-engineered nanovehicles and evaluate the future of this technology.
“…As shown in Fig. 6 , the preparation of exosomal-membrane-coated nanosystems typically comprises three steps: 1) extraction of exosomal membranes through hypotonic treatment of exosomes, 2) selection and synthesis of the NP inner core, and 3) coating of the synthesized NP core with the extracted exosomal membrane to form a core–shell nanostructure [ 192 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Fabrication: Engineering Of Exosomal-membrane-coated Npsmentioning
A bio-inspired strategy has recently been developed for camouflaging nanocarriers with biomembranes, such as natural cell membranes or subcellular structure-derived membranes. This strategy endows cloaked nanomaterials with improved interfacial properties, superior cell targeting, immune evasion potential, and prolonged duration of systemic circulation. Here, we summarize recent advances in the production and application of exosomal membrane-coated nanomaterials. The structure, properties, and manner in which exosomes communicate with cells are first reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the types of exosomes and their fabrication methods. We then discuss the applications of biomimetic exosomes and membrane-cloaked nanocarriers in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, imaging, and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we appraise the current challenges associated with the clinical translation of biomimetic exosomal membrane-surface-engineered nanovehicles and evaluate the future of this technology.
“…[15,16] Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs) enclosed by a phosphorous lipid bilayer membrane and composed by a parental cellular matrix that are released by most cells under physiological and pathological conditions. [3,17] They contain cell surface proteins, intracellular proteins, RNAs, DNAs, and other biomolecules that play a key role in cell-to-cell communication processes, intracellular signaling, metastasis progression, angiogenesis formation, immunological evasion, and drug resistance in many types of cancer, including TNBC and CRC. Factors contributing to the oncogenic potential of exosomes include high biocompatibility with other body tissues, good bioavailability, high permeability, and accumulation at the tumor site, as well easy crossing of biological barriers inside the body, [6,18,19] making them ideal candidates for many cancer-related biosensing applications if correctly separated, filtrated, or detected inside bioliquids.…”
Cancer is one of the leading causes of high mortality worldwide, affecting most of the body organs including the breast and colon. Triple‐negative breast (TNBC) and colorectal cancers (CRC) usually present the poorest clinical outcomes and lowest disease‐free survival rates among the different cancer types. Novel biomarkers for early detection of TNBC and CRC have been proposed throughout the years, although the rate of success remains limited. Herein, a dual method for detection of cancer‐derived exosomes based on the measurement of the Raman spectra in graphene field‐effect transistors (GFETs) is proposed, thereby obtaining electrical signal metrics related to the variation of the Dirac point in graphene and optical features corresponding to representative bio‐molecular cancer structures in an orthogonal way. This pioneering method and classification routine can potentially be extended to other types of cancer, thus creating a unique and universal tag‐free diagnostic template for early cancer diagnostics.
“…In the context of Alzheimer’s disease, this strategy allowed EVs to target neurons, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and functionally deliver electroporated siRNA to the brain in mice. The fusion of targeting moieties with Lamp2b has been used to endow EVs with targeting capacity in several studies, including an α v integrin-targeting iRGD peptide to target tumor cells and tumor-associated vascular endothelium for doxorubicin delivery [ 150 ], and a fragment of interleukin 3 (IL3) to target IL3 receptors on chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells for delivery of a chemotherapeutic agent or siRNA [ 151 ].…”
Section: Evs As Reconfigurable Natural Therapeutic Systemsmentioning
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been the focus of great attention over the last decade, considering their promising application as next-generation therapeutics. EVs have emerged as relevant mediators of intercellular communication, being associated with multiple physiological processes, but also in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Given their natural ability to shuttle messages between cells, EVs have been explored both as inherent therapeutics in regenerative medicine and as drug delivery vehicles targeting multiple diseases. However, bioengineering strategies are required to harness the full potential of EVs for therapeutic use. For that purpose, a good understanding of EV biology, from their biogenesis to the way they are able to shuttle messages and establish interactions with recipient cells, is needed. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art on EV biology, complemented by representative examples of EVs roles in several pathophysiological processes, as well as the intrinsic therapeutic properties of EVs and paradigmatic strategies to produce and develop engineered EVs as next-generation drug delivery systems.
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