Exorphins in urine from schizoaffective psychotics

Tveiten, Dag; Reichelt, Karl L.

doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2012.23029

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 35 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…Previously high levels of β-casomorphin-like opioid peptides were observed in CSF and serum of patients with postpartum psychosis ( 86 ). Also, patients with schizophrenia had increased opioid activity in CSF ( 85 ) and exorphins were found in the urine of untreated patients with schizoaffective disorder ( 111 ).…”

Section: Food Derived Antigens In Psychiatric Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Immune Gate” of Psychopathology—The Role of Gut Derived Immune Activation in Major Psychiatric Disorders

Rudzki

Szulc

2018

Front. Psychiatry

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Interaction between the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and brain functions has recently become a topic of growing interest in psychiatric research. These multidirectional interactions take place in the so-called gut-brain axis or more precisely, the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The GI tract is the largest immune organ in the human body and is also the largest surface of contact with the external environment. Its functions and permeability are highly influenced by psychological stress, which are often a precipitating factor in the first episode, reoccurrence and/or deterioration of symptoms of psychiatric disorders. In recent literature there is growing evidence that increased intestinal permeability with subsequent immune activation has a major role in the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders. Numerous parameters measured in this context seem to be aftermaths of those mechanisms, yet at the same time they may be contributing factors for immune mediated psychopathology. For example, immune activation related to gut-derived bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or various food antigens and exorphins were reported in major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, alcoholism and autism. In this review the authors will summarize the evidence and roles of such parameters and their assessment in major psychiatric disorders.

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Section: Food Derived Antigens In Psychiatric Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Immune Gate” of Psychopathology—The Role of Gut Derived Immune Activation in Major Psychiatric Disorders

Rudzki

Szulc

2018

Front. Psychiatry

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The brain-gut axis dysfunctions and hypersensitivity to food antigens in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia

et al. 2016

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Despite over 100-year history of research on schizophrenia, its etiology is still not fully understood, which might be due to the significant heterogeneity in terms of both its course, as well as the etiopathogenesis. One of the best-proven mediating mechanisms in the development of schizophrenia is the immuno-inflammatory response, the sources of which are believed to be the dysfunctions of brain-gut axis and pathological processes occurring in the intestines. This paper is a review of the literature on this subject which presents factors both involved in the functioning of brain-gut axis and important for the development of schizophrenia, i.e. 1. intestinal microbiome (intestinal microbiota), 2. permeable intestine (leaky gut syndrome), 3. hypersensitivity to food antigens, including gluten and casein of cow's milk. Research results seem to be very promising and indicate the possibility of improved clinical outcomes in some patients with schizophrenia by modifying diet, use of probiotics, and the implementation of antibiotic therapy of specific treatment groups. However, further research is needed on links between the intestinal microbiome and intestinal function as factors mediating the activation of the immune system and the development and further course of schizophrenia.

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Exorphins in urine from schizoaffective psychotics

Cited by 2 publications

References 35 publications

“Immune Gate” of Psychopathology—The Role of Gut Derived Immune Activation in Major Psychiatric Disorders

“Immune Gate” of Psychopathology—The Role of Gut Derived Immune Activation in Major Psychiatric Disorders

The brain-gut axis dysfunctions and hypersensitivity to food antigens in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia

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