Exhaust particles of modern gasoline vehicles: A laboratory and an on-road study

Karjalainen, Panu; Pirjola, Liisa; Heikkilä, Juha; Lähde, Tero; Tzamkiozis, Theodoros; Ntziachristos, Leónidas; Keskinen, Jorma; Rönkkö, Topi

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.025

Cited by 157 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

120

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In urban areas with high population and building densities, proximity to vehicle emissions poses a significant public health risk and renders paramount importance to the characterization and quantification of vehicle emissions (Kumar et al, 2014;Uherek et al, 2010). Their contribution to total ambient concentrations however remains elusive, with considerable variability in measured emission rates and species composition between as well as within vehicle classes from exhaust measurements in laboratory settings, vehicle chase or portable emission measurement system (PEMS) studies (Franco et al, 2013;Kwak et al, 2014;Karjalainen et al, 2014;Giechaskiel et al, 2014;Alves et al, 2015). These differences have been attributed to numerous influencing factors such as vehicle age, fuel use, operational parameters, environmental conditions and the subsequent introduction of more advanced engine technology (e.g., gasoline direct injection -GDI) and exhaust after-treatment (e.g., diesel particulate filters -DPFs) (May et al, 2014).…”

Section: Particulate Matter From Motor Vehicles In Urban Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of traffic exhaust contributions to ambient carbonaceous submicron particulate matter in an urban roadside environment in Hong Kong

Lee

Louie²,

Luk³

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Road traffic has significant impacts on air quality particularly in densely urbanized and populated areas where vehicle emissions are a major local source of ambient particulate matter. Engine type (i.e., fuel use) significantly impacts the chemical characteristics of tailpipe emission, and thus the distribution of engine types in traffic impacts measured ambient concentrations. This study provides an estimation of the contribution of vehicles powered by different fuels (gasoline, diesel, LPG) to carbonaceous submicron aerosol mass (PM 1 ) based on ambient aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and elemental carbon (EC) measurements and vehicle count data in an urban inner city environment in Hong Kong with the aim to gauge the importance of different engine types to particulate matter burdens in a typical urban street canyon. On an average per-vehicle basis, gasoline vehicles emitted 75 and 93 % more organics than diesel and LPG vehicles, respectively, while EC emissions from diesel vehicles were 45 % higher than those from gasoline vehicles. LPG vehicles showed no appreciable contributions to EC and thus overall represented a small contributor to traffic-related primary ambient PM 1 despite their high abundance (∼ 30 %) in the traffic mix. Total carbonaceous particle mass contributions to ambient PM 1 from diesel engines were only marginally higher (∼ 4 %) than those from gasoline engines, which is likely an effect of recently introduced control strategies targeted at commercial vehicles and buses. Overall, gasoline vehicles contributed 1.2 µg m −3 of EC and 1.1 µ m −3 of organics, LPG vehicles 0.6 µg m −3 of organics and diesel vehicles 2.0 µg m −3 of EC and 0.7 µg m −3 of organics to ambient carbonaceous PM 1 .

show abstract

Section: Particulate Matter From Motor Vehicles In Urban Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of traffic exhaust contributions to ambient carbonaceous submicron particulate matter in an urban roadside environment in Hong Kong

Lee

Louie²,

Luk³

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This can be explained by the high concentrations of low-volatile precursor vapors, which originate from, e.g., fuel combustion and traffic and can form small particles in the atmosphere (e.g., Arnold et al, 2012;Karjalainen et al, 2015;Sarnela et al, 2015). Some of the traffic-related particles may also be primary and formed inside vehicle engines (Jayaratne et al, 2010;Karjalainen et al, 2014;Alanen et al, 2015). At sites with lower anthropogenic influence, like Puy de Dôme, lower sub-3 nm particle concentrations were observed, which is likely due to the lower concentrations of precursor vapors and the absence of primary particle sources.…”

Section: Supporting Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of sub-3 nm particles using a particle size magnifier in different environments: from clean mountain top to polluted megacities

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. The measurement of sub-3 nm aerosol particles is technically challenging. Therefore, there is a lack of knowledge about the concentrations of atmospheric sub-3 nm particles and their variation in different environments. In this study, the concentrations of ∼ 1-3 nm particles measured with a particle size magnifier (PSM) were investigated at nine sites around the world. Sub-3 nm particle concentrations were highest at the sites with strong anthropogenic influence. In boreal forest, measured particle concentrations were clearly higher in summer than in winter, suggesting the importance of biogenic precursor vapors in this environment. At all sites, sub-3 nm particle concentrations had daytime maxima, which are likely linked to the photochemical production of precursor vapors and the emissions of precursor vapors or particles from different sources. When comparing ion concentrations to the total sub-3 nm particle concentrations, electrically neutral particles were observed to dominate in polluted environments and in boreal forest during spring and summer. Generally, the concentrations of sub-3 nm particles seem to be determined by the availability of precursor vapors rather than the level of the sink caused by preexisting aerosol particles. The results also indicate that the formation of the smallest particles and their subsequent growth to larger sizes are two separate processes, and therefore studying the concentration of sub-3 nm particles separately in different size ranges is essential.

show abstract

“…(Barrett et al, 2015); (Wang et al, 2016); (di Rattalma and Perotti, 2017)). 25 In contrast, modern gasoline light-duty vehicles have recently been engineered towards better fuel economy and reduced carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions to satisfy regulations aimed at mitigating climate change (Karjalainen et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recent research indicates that some of the methods used to attain these emission goals (including smaller engines, leaner combustion, and gasoline direct injection (GDI) systems mimicking the lower fuel consumption and decreased CO 2 emission factors of diesel vehicles) lead to an increase in the primary carbonaceous emissions (especially BC), among 30 gasoline systems ( (Karjalainen et al, 2014); ; ; ). Modern gasoline Atmos.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas phase composition and secondary organic aerosol formation from gasoline direct injection vehicles investigated in batch and flow reactors: effects of prototype gasoline particle filters

Pieber

Kumar

Klein

et al. 2017

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles have recently been identified as a significant source of carbonaceous aerosol, of both primary and secondary origin. Here we investigated primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from GDI vehicle exhaust for multiple vehicles and driving test cycles, and novel GDI after-treatment systems.Emissions were characterized by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (gaseous non-methane organic 15 compounds, NMOCs), aerosol mass spectrometry (sub-micron non-refractory particles), and light attenuation measurements (equivalent black carbon (eBC) determination using Aethalometer measurements) together with supporting instrumentation.We evaluated the effect of retrofitted prototype gasoline particle filters (GPFs) on primary eBC, organic aerosol (OA), NMOCs, as well as SOA formation. Two regulatory driving test cycles were investigated, and the importance of distinct phases within these cycles (e.g. cold engine start, hot engine start, high speed driving) to primary emissions and secondary 20 products was evaluated. Atmospheric processing was simulated using both the PSI mobile smog chamber (SC) and the potential aerosol mass oxidation flow reactor (OFR). GPF retrofitting was found to greatly decrease primary particulate matter (PM) through removal of eBC, but showed limited partial removal of the minor POA fraction, and had no detectable effect on either NMOC emissions (absolute emission factors or relative composition) or SOA production. In all tests, overall primary and secondary PM and NMOC emissions were dominated by the engine cold start, i.e. before thermal activation of 25 the catalytic after-treatment system. Differences were found in the bulk compositional properties of SOA produced by the OFR and the SC (O:C and H:C ratios), while the SOA yields agree within our uncertainties, with a tendency for lower SOA yields in SC experiments. A few aromatic compounds are found to dominate the NMOC emissions (primarily benzene, toluene, xylene isomers and C3-benzenes). A large fraction (> 0.5) of the SOA production was explained by those compounds, based on investigation of reacted NMOC mass and comparison with SOA yield curves of toluene, o-xylene and 30 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene determined in our OFR within this study. Remaining differences in the obtained SOA yields may Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-942 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

show abstract

Exhaust particles of modern gasoline vehicles: A laboratory and an on-road study

Cited by 157 publications

References 29 publications

Evaluation of traffic exhaust contributions to ambient carbonaceous submicron particulate matter in an urban roadside environment in Hong Kong

Evaluation of traffic exhaust contributions to ambient carbonaceous submicron particulate matter in an urban roadside environment in Hong Kong

Measurements of sub-3 nm particles using a particle size magnifier in different environments: from clean mountain top to polluted megacities

Gas phase composition and secondary organic aerosol formation from gasoline direct injection vehicles investigated in batch and flow reactors: effects of prototype gasoline particle filters

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Exhaust particles of modern gasoline vehicles: A laboratory and an on-road study

Cited by 157 publications

References 29 publications

Evaluation of traffic exhaust contributions to ambient carbonaceous submicron particulate matter in an urban roadside environment in Hong Kong

Evaluation of traffic exhaust contributions to ambient carbonaceous submicron particulate matter in an urban roadside environment in Hong Kong

Measurements of sub-3 nm particles using a particle size magnifier in different environments: from clean mountain top to polluted megacities

Gas phase composition and secondary organic aerosol formation from gasoline direct injection vehicles investigated in batch and flow reactors: effects of prototype gasoline particle filters

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Measurements of sub-3 nm particles using a particle size magnifier in different environments: from clean mountain top to polluted megacities