Exhaust Gas Emissions and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Fuel, Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends

Krahl, Jürgen; Munack, Axel; Ruschel, Yvonne; Schröder, Olaf; Bünger, Jürgen

doi:10.4271/2008-01-2508

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In the majority of studies that investigate the effects of biodiesel blends, stronger mutagenic effects are seen after exposure to biodiesel blend particles, compared with either pure biodiesel or pure mineral diesel. 44,46,47 For example, Krahl et al (2008) showed that a range of rapeseed biodiesel blends (between 5% and 20% biodiesel) were significantly more mutagenic than either mineral diesel or 100% rapeseed biodiesel. 48 This is of significance since biodiesel blends between 5% and 20% are the most commonly used.…”

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…44,46,47 For example, Krahl et al (2008) showed that a range of rapeseed biodiesel blends (between 5% and 20% biodiesel) were significantly more mutagenic than either mineral diesel or 100% rapeseed biodiesel. 48 This is of significance since biodiesel blends between 5% and 20% are the most commonly used. One of the few studies comparing the mutagenicity of different biodiesels was conducted over 10 years ago.…”

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel exhaust: The need for a systematic approach to health effects research

et al. 2015

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Biodiesel is a generic term for fuel that can be made from virtually any plant or animal oil via transesterification of triglycerides with an alcohol (and usually a catalyst). Biodiesel has received considerable scientific attention in recent years, as it is a renewable resource that is directly able to replace mineral diesel in many engines. Additionally, some countries have mandated a minimum biodiesel content in all diesel fuel sold on environmental grounds.When combusted, biodiesel produces exhaust emissions containing particulate matter, adsorbed chemicals and a range of gases. In many cases, absolute amounts of these pollutants are lower in biodiesel exhaust compared with mineral diesel exhaust, leading to speculation that biodiesel exhaust may be less harmful to health. Additionally, engine performance studies show that the concentrations of these pollutants vary significantly depending on the renewable oil used to make the biodiesel and the ratio of biodiesel to mineral diesel in the fuel mix. Given the strategic and legislative push towards the use of biodiesel in many countries, a concerning possibility is that certain biodiesels may produce exhaust emissions that are more harmful to health than others. This variation suggests that a comprehensive, systematic and comparative approach to assessing the potential for a range of different biodiesel exhausts to affect health is urgently required. Such an assessment could inform biodiesel production priorities, drive research and development into new exhaust treatment technologies, and ultimately minimize the health impacts of biodiesel exhaust exposure.

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Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Vitro Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel exhaust: The need for a systematic approach to health effects research

et al. 2015

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“…This formula was used for both the 5-Gas data and the FTIR data. Figures 7,8,9 show the brake specific emissions for carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC), and oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) for all 9 fuels at 50% and 75% load, respectively. The error bars represent the range of the two runs for each data point.…”

Section: Gaseous Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some cases, the combustion of biofuels can result in increases in some pollutants. Although biofuels generally result in decreases in pollutant formation, some studies have shown that ethanol produces increased formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions [5] and biodiesel often produces increased NO x emissions [6], increased particle-bound organic carbon emissions [7] and decreased mean particle diameter [8], which may have adverse health effects [9].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Algae-Based Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Fisher

Marchese

Volckens

et al. 2010

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

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Studies have shown that the magnitude of pollutant emissions (e.g. NO x and PM) from diesel engines operating on fatty acid methyl esters (i.e. FAME biodiesel) are related to the fatty acid composition of the triglycerides present in the bio feedstock. Specifically, NO x emissions have been shown to increase with increasing levels of unsaturation in the hydrocarbon chain and decrease with increasing carbon chain length; and PM emissions have been shown to decrease with increasing carbon chain length. Little work has been done to date to characterize the pollutant emissions of algae-based FAME, which have far different fatty acid composition than FAME derived from typical vegetable or animal fat feedstocks. Accordingly, the goal of the present study was to characterize the performance and emissions from a diesel engine operating on FAME with fatty acid composition commensurate with that produced from several algal species currently under consideration for wide scale fuel production. Tests were performed on a 2.4 L, 56 HP John Deere 4024T, non-road diesel engine meeting USEPA Tier 2 emissions regulations. The engine was fitted with a unique, low-volume fuel injection system that enabled emissions tests to be conducted with very low volumes of specialty fuel sample. Tests were performed on 9 different fuel blends at 2 different engine loading conditions. Exhaust gas measurements were made using a 5-gas emissions analysis system that includes chemiluminescence measurement of NO, NO 2 and total NO x , flame ionization detection of total hydrocarbons and nondispersive infrared detection of CO and CO 2 . An FTIR was used to measure additional hazardous air pollutants such as formaldehyde. Particulate matter was characterized on-line, using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), which is capable of direct measurement of both particle size (50 and 1000 nm) and chemical composition. Smaller PM size distributions (10 to 100 nm) were measured using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. Total PM mass emissions and the ratio of elemental carbon to organic were measured using gravimetric sampling. Results showed that the emissions from the two simulated algal methyl ester formulations were similar to those measured from soy and canola methyl esters with the exception of NO x emissions which were shown to decrease for the simulated algal methyl esters. The decreased NO x emissions from the simulated algal methyl esters were accompanied by a decrease in premixed burn fraction.

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“…In order to effectively control environmental pollution and mitigate its harmful effects, exhaust characterization at the engine outlet as well as its transformational products in the atmosphere is essential [1]. Health effects of exhaust particulates depend on their chemical composition and physical characteristics, which determine their true residence time and availability as sorption sites inside the human respiratory system [2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate emissions from biodiesel fuelled CI engines

Agarwal

Gupta

Shukla

et al. 2015

Energy Conversion and Management

103

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Exhaust Gas Emissions and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Fuel, Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends

Cited by 27 publications

References 12 publications

Biodiesel exhaust: The need for a systematic approach to health effects research

Biodiesel exhaust: The need for a systematic approach to health effects research

Measurement of Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Algae-Based Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Particulate emissions from biodiesel fuelled CI engines

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