Exhaled respiratory particles during singing and talking

Alsved, Malin; Matamis, Alexios; Bohlin, R.; Richter, Mattias; Bengtsson, Per-Erik; Fraenkel, Carl-Johan; Medstrand, Patrik; Löndahl, Jakob

doi:10.1080/02786826.2020.1812502

Cited by 196 publications

(270 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…It must be noted that there were slight deviations between adults and adolescents in the execution of this task, such as adolescents were allowed to shortly breathe within the recording sequence. Except for shouting, determined values for adolescents are also lower than recently published data found in professional and non-professional adult singers [3]. In this study of 12 adult subjects, emission rates of 320-2870 P/s for singing at moderate to loud volumes are determined.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

“…Due to the principles of voice production and the described accumulation of SARS-CoV-2-infections during choir rehearsals [2], it is assumed that singing is connected with increased aerosol emission rates. Recently, increased aerosol emissions during singing in comparison to speaking have been experimentally confirmed for adult singers [3,4]. Further, an increased aerosol emission rate is found for raising vocal loudness [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Aerosol emission of adolescents voices during speaking, singing and shouting

et al. 2021

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Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, singing activities for children and young people have been strictly regulated with far-reaching consequences for music education in schools and ensemble and choir singing in some places. This is also due to the fact, that there has been no reliable data available on aerosol emissions from adolescents speaking, singing, and shouting. By utilizing a laser particle counter in cleanroom conditions we show, that adolescents emit fewer aerosol particles during singing than what has been known so far for adults. In our data, the emission rates ranged from 16 P/s to 267 P/s for speaking, 141 P/s to 1240 P/s for singing, and 683 P/s to 4332 P/s for shouting. The data advocate an adaptation of existing risk management strategies and rules of conduct for groups of singing adolescents, like gatherings in an educational context, e.g. singing lessons or choir rehearsals.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Aerosol emission of adolescents voices during speaking, singing and shouting

et al. 2021

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“…While re-aerosolization from fabrics was outside the scope of this study fragmenting of droplets have been reported elsewhere and warrants further studies [ 56 ]. In addition, while aerosols generated by singing and talking have received recent attention [ 16 ], other actions such as yawning, smoking etc. can also potentially generate aerosols and droplets.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transmission of respiratory viruses can happen through at least three primary modes [ 12 , 13 ]. First small submicron (< 1.0 μm) aerosols that can linger in the air for long periods of time [ 14 , 15 ], are generated while talking, breathing, and singing [ 16 , 17 ]. Second, droplets can be generated during coughing and sneezing [ 18 ], which get expelled into the air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive characterization of protective face coverings made from household fabrics

et al. 2021

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Background Face coverings constitute an important strategy for containing pandemics, such as COVID-19. Infection from airborne respiratory viruses including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can occur in at least three modes; tiny and/or dried aerosols (typically < 1.0 μm) generated through multiple mechanisms including talking, breathing, singing, large droplets (> 0.5 μm) generated during coughing and sneezing, and macro drops transmitted via fomites. While there is a growing number of studies looking at the performance of household materials against some of these situations, to date, there has not been any systematic characterization of household materials against all three modes. Methods A three-step methodology was developed and used to characterize the performance of 21 different household materials with various material compositions (e.g. cotton, polyester, polypropylene, cellulose and blends) using submicron sodium chloride aerosols, water droplets, and mucous mimicking macro droplets over an aerosol-droplet size range of ~ 20 nm to 0.6 cm. Results Except for one thousand-thread-count cotton, most single-layered materials had filtration efficiencies < 20% for sub-micron solid aerosols. However, several of these materials stopped > 80% of larger droplets, even at sneeze-velocities of up to 1700 cm/s. Three or four layers of the same material, or combination materials, would be required to stop macro droplets from permeating out or into the face covering. Such materials can also be boiled for reuse. Conclusion Four layers of loosely knit or woven fabrics independent of the composition (e.g. cotton, polyester, nylon or blends) are likely to be effective source controls. One layer of tightly woven fabrics combined with multiple layers of loosely knit or woven fabrics in addition to being source controls can have sub-micron filtration efficiencies > 40% and may offer some protection to the wearer. However, the pressure drop across such fabrics can be high (> 100 Pa).

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“…Main considerations regard the duration of exposure (the more prolonged the exposure, the higher the risk) [26], the mechanism and intensity of aerosol generation [28][29][30], as well as direct contact with contaminated and potentially contaminated surfaces (such as PPE during doffing) [12]. the importance of the latter is backed by identification of infectious viral particles in some of the samples taken from contaminated surfaces [31].…”

Section: Risks Connected With Particular Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational hazards in anaesthesiology during the COVID-19 pandemic

Wujtewicz¹,

Dylczyk-Sommer²,

Aszkiełowicz³

et al. 2020

ait

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According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the Department of Labor of the United States, the exposure risk for anaesthesiologists working with COVID-19 patients can be classified as high or very high. This is mostly due to fact that the anaesthesiologists work in close contact with patients’ airways, and the aerosol-generating nature of some procedures they perform. Fortunately, despite the occupational hazard, the incidence of COVID-19 among anaesthesiologists and intensivists remains relatively low. Current evidence suggests that the majority of SARS-CoV-2 infections in this group were either contracted outside of the work environment or can be attributed to personal protective equipment (PPE) malfunction. This article focuses on different aspects of anaesthesiologists’ safety, risks connected with different clinical scenarios and procedures, issues related to testing and screening, as well as modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for severe illness or from COVID-19. This analysis is accompanied by a review of guidelines dedicated to mitigating said risks. Educating the personnel, introducing appropriate procedures, and proper utilisation of PPE are essential to the safety of all parties involved in hospital care, particularly those with significant exposure risk.

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Exhaled respiratory particles during singing and talking

Cited by 196 publications

References 10 publications

Aerosol emission of adolescents voices during speaking, singing and shouting

Aerosol emission of adolescents voices during speaking, singing and shouting

Comprehensive characterization of protective face coverings made from household fabrics

Occupational hazards in anaesthesiology during the COVID-19 pandemic

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