Exergy-based estimation and comparison of urea and ammonium nitrate production efficiency and environmental impact

Kirova-Yordanova, Zornitza

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.08.086

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A água residual, que não consegue ser evaporada pelo calor da reação, é removida através da adição de vapor para ajustar o equilíbrio térmico do processo e, assim, o NA concentrado e na forma sólida é obtido. 27 Após a obtenção do NA concentrado, a indústria transforma o NA sólido em suas formas comerciais mais atrativas -os prills e grânulos de NA, cada um com seu processo de produção e vantagens específicas. 7 No processo de produção dos prills, o NA concentrado é fundido e pulverizado no topo de uma torre de prilling, na qual as gotículas de NA caem contra uma corrente de ar ascendente que resfria e as solidifica, formando pequenas esferas denominadas de prills.…”

Section: Métodos De Preparação Desta Substânciaunclassified

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Ammonium Nitrate: Good or Bad Guy?

Simplicio¹,

Santos²,

Campos³

et al. 2021

Rev. Virtual Quim.

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Ammonium nitrate (NA) is an inorganic salt that constitutes products used in common practices, such as application in fertilizers, odor control, production of explosive agents and production of propellants for rockets. Its physico-chemical properties demonstrate that it is a highly stable salt, which raises the question about its involvement in numerous explosive accidents recorded worldwide, the most recent being in August 2020 in the city Beirut-Lebanon. Thus, this review article gathers important information and necessary knowledge about this chemical agent, in order to avoid or minimize accidents that may involve NA. Therefore, information was addressed from the economic importance and main applications of NA to the risks and safety measures recommended for the operations of its transportation, storage and use. O nitrato de amônio (NA) é um sal inorgânico constituinte de vários produtos utilizados em práticas comuns, como a aplicação em fertilizantes, controle de odores, produção de agentes explosivos e produção de propelentes para foguetes. Suas propriedades físico-químicas demonstram se tratar de um sal de elevada estabilidade, o que desperta o questionamento sobre o seu envolvimento em inúmeros acidentes explosivos registrados em todo o mundo, sendo o mais recente o ocorrido em agosto de 2020 na cidade Beirute-Líbano. Dessa forma, o presente artigo de revisão reúne informações importantes e de conhecimento necessário acerca deste agente químico, a fim de evitar ou minimizar os acidentes que possam envolver o NA. Assim, foram abordadas informações desde a importância econômica e principais aplicações do NA até os riscos e as medidas de segurança recomendadas às operações de seu transporte, armazenamento e uso.

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Section: Métodos De Preparação Desta Substânciaunclassified

“…Reação química de preparação do NA mais empregada na indústria 7 quanto o CO 2 são gases químicos que contribuem para a ocorrência do fenômeno de efeito estufa, e o primeiro ainda pode promover a destruição da camada de ozônio na estratosfera. 27,33…”

Section: Riscos Ambientaisunclassified

Ammonium Nitrate: Good or Bad Guy?

Simplicio¹,

Santos²,

Campos³

et al. 2021

Rev. Virtual Quim.

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“…The total actual natural gas consumption in best-available-technology new ammonia plantsi se stimated to be between 27.4 and 31.5 GJ/t, corresponding to CO 2 emissions ranging from 1505 to 1729 kg/t. [20] Using the waste-to-urea technology, as aving of about 0.113 tons CH 4 and about 0.78 tons CO 2 per ton urea produced could be achieved. [14a] In the case of introducingnew advanced technologiesf or direct syngast ou rea conversion, ar eduction in the capital expenditure and energy intensity higher than 20 %c ould be expected, although difficult to be estimated, being still at at oo early stage.…”

Section: Syngas Options and Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the actual process of urea production, starting typically from methane to produce the H 2 necessary for ammonia synthesis, the most critical process step (from an energy intensive point of view) is the ammonia synthesis integrated with H 2 production. The total actual natural gas consumption in best‐available‐technology new ammonia plants is estimated to be between 27.4 and 31.5 GJ/t, corresponding to CO 2 emissions ranging from 1505 to 1729 kg/t …”

Section: Syngas Options and Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste to Chemicals for a Circular Economy

Iaquaniello

Centi

Salladini

et al. 2018

Chemistry A European J

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The implementation of a circular economy is a fundamental step to create a greater and more sustainable future for a better use of resources and energy. Wastes and in particular municipal solid waste represent an untapped source of carbon (and hydrogen) to produce a large range of chemicals from methane to alcohols (as methanol or ethanol) or urea. The waste to chemical process and related economics are assessed in this concept article to show the validity of such solution both from an economic point of view and from an environmental perspective considering the sensible reduction in greenhouse gas emissions with respect to conventional production from fossil fuels.

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“…Most studies focus on the breakthrough of a specific production technology [33,34], or only consider the EC in the production stage [35], resulting in the lack of the evaluations of the life cycle energy consumption (LcEC). In this study, the LCA and the production process of the urea industry are carried out to establish a life cycle framework of industrial urea, which includes three stages: raw material production stage, production stage, and waste-treatment stage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Industrial Urea Energy Consumption (EC) Based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

et al. 2020

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With the increasingly prominent environmental problems and the decline of fossil fuel reserves, the reduction of energy consumption (EC) has become a common goal in the world. Urea industry is a typical energy-intensive chemical industry. However, studies just focus on the breakthrough of specific production technology or only consider the EC in the production stage. This results in a lack of evaluations of the life cycle of energy consumption (LcEC). In order to provide a systematic, scientific, and practical theoretical basis for the industrial upgrading and the energy transformation, LcEC of urea production and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated in the process of EC are studied in this paper. The results show that the average LcEC is about 30.1 GJ/t urea. The EC of the materials preparation stage, synthesis stage, and waste-treatment stage (ECRMP, ECPP, ECWD) is about 0.388 GJ/t urea, 24.8 GJ/t urea, and 4.92 GJ/t urea, accounting for 1.3%, 82.4%, and 16.3% of LcEC, respectively. Thus, the synthesis stage is a dominant energy-consumer, in which 15.4 GJ/t urea of energy, accounting for 62.0% of ECpp, supports steam consumption. According to the energy distribution analysis, it can be concluded that coal presents the primary energy in the process of urea production, which supports 94.4% of LcEC. The proportion of coal consumption is significantly higher than that of the average of 59% in China. Besides, the GHG emissions in the synthesis stage are obviously larger than that in the other stage, with an average of 2.18 t eq.CO2/t urea, accounting for 81.3% of the life cycle of GHG (LcGHG) emissions. In detail, CO2 is the dominant factor accounting for 90.0% of LcGHG emissions, followed by CH4, while N2O is negligible. Coal is the primary source of CO2 emissions. The severe high proportion of coal consumption in the life cycle of urea production is responsible for this high CO2 content of GHG emissions. Therefore, for industrial urea upgrading and energy transformation, reducing coal consumption will still be an important task for energy structure transformation. At the same time, the reformation of synthesis technologies, especially for steam energy-consuming technology, will mainly reduce the EC of the urea industry. Furthermore, the application of green energy will be conducive to a win-win situation for both economic and environmental benefits.

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Exergy-based estimation and comparison of urea and ammonium nitrate production efficiency and environmental impact

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Ammonium Nitrate: Good or Bad Guy?

Ammonium Nitrate: Good or Bad Guy?

Waste to Chemicals for a Circular Economy

Evaluation of Industrial Urea Energy Consumption (EC) Based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

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