Component and process based exergy evaluation was performed on a typical 600MW coal-fired power plant in China. Component based exergy analysis figures out and compares the exergetic performances of each component by identifying the deficiencies of each component. Process based exergy analysis aims at finding out the degree of imperfection of main processes, which will break the limitation of singlecomponent performance optimization (a sensitivity analysis) and enlighten the process-level optimization by innovative flow design and the consideration of the interaction between components. This work provides the exergy consumption and distribution profile of a large-scale coal-fired power plant with componentbased and process-based analysis, providing guidance for the energy-saving measures.