Exercise Training Combined with Calanus Oil Supplementation Improves the Central Cardiodynamic Function in Older Women

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible beneficial effects of exercise training (ET) with omega-3/Calanus oil supplementation on cardiorespiratory and adiposity parameters in elderly women. Fifty-five women (BMI: 19–37 kg/m2, 62–80 years old) were recruited and randomly assigned to the 4 month intervention with ET and omega-3 supplementation (Calanus oil, ET-Calanus) or ET and the placebo (sunflower oil; ET-Placebo). The body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and cardiorespiratory parameters were measured using spiroergometry and PhysioFlow hemodynamic testing. Both interventions resulted in an increased lean mass whereas the fat mass was reduced in the leg and trunk as well as the android and gynoid regions. The content of trunk fat (in percent of the total fat) was lower and the content of the leg fat was higher in the ET-Calanus group compared with the ET-Placebo. Although both interventions resulted in similar improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), it was explained by an increased peripheral oxygen extraction (a-vO2diff) alone in the ET-Placebo group whereas increased values of both a-vO2diff and maximal cardiac output (COmax) were observed in the ET-Calanus group. Changes in COmax were associated with changes in systemic vascular resistance, circulating free fatty acids, and the omega-3 index. In conclusion, Calanus oil supplementation during a 4 month ET intervention in elderly women improved the cardiorespiratory function, which was due to combined central and peripheral cardiodynamic mechanisms.

Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation Alone and Combined with Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…These articles included 2438 participants (1660 females, 778 males). Fifteen studies included were randomized controlled trials [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ], while one was a randomized, non-controlled trial [ 42 ].…”

“…The average age of the participants was 69.1 years. Seven studies involved females only [ 29 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 41 , 42 ], one study involved males only [ 37 ], while the remainder included both males and females [ 27 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Nine studies involved untrained individuals [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 33 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 ], one involved recreationally active participants [ 35 ], and six did not report the activity levels of the participants [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 36 , 39 ].…”

“…Seven studies involved females only [ 29 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 41 , 42 ], one study involved males only [ 37 ], while the remainder included both males and females [ 27 , 28 , 30 , 33 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Nine studies involved untrained individuals [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 33 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 ], one involved recreationally active participants [ 35 ], and six did not report the activity levels of the participants [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 36 , 39 ]. Rolland et al [ 30 ] involved individuals at risk of cognitive decline, Félix-Soriano et al [ 31 ] involved overweight or obese individuals, Krzymińska-Siemaszk et al [ 39 ] included those with low lean body mass or at risk of having low lean body mass, twelve studies included individuals who were free of any significant health concerns [ 28 , 29 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 ,…”

“…Nine studies involved untrained individuals [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 33 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 ], one involved recreationally active participants [ 35 ], and six did not report the activity levels of the participants [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 34 , 36 , 39 ]. Rolland et al [ 30 ] involved individuals at risk of cognitive decline, Félix-Soriano et al [ 31 ] involved overweight or obese individuals, Krzymińska-Siemaszk et al [ 39 ] included those with low lean body mass or at risk of having low lean body mass, twelve studies included individuals who were free of any significant health concerns [ 28 , 29 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 ], and one did not report the health status of the participants [ 27 ]. Eight studies involved a structured RET program [ 27 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 42 ], two involved a mixed program involving circuit training, postural exercises, and aerobic exercise [ 29 , 32 ], five did not involve an exercise program [ 33 , 34 , …”

“…Rolland et al [ 30 ] involved individuals at risk of cognitive decline, Félix-Soriano et al [ 31 ] involved overweight or obese individuals, Krzymińska-Siemaszk et al [ 39 ] included those with low lean body mass or at risk of having low lean body mass, twelve studies included individuals who were free of any significant health concerns [ 28 , 29 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 ], and one did not report the health status of the participants [ 27 ]. Eight studies involved a structured RET program [ 27 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 42 ], two involved a mixed program involving circuit training, postural exercises, and aerobic exercise [ 29 , 32 ], five did not involve an exercise program [ 33 , 34 , 39 , 40 , 41 ], and one involved counseling to encourage the participants to reach 150 min of physical activity per week [ 30 ].…”