Exercise offers anxiolytic potential: A role for stress and brain noradrenergic-galaninergic mechanisms

Sciolino, Natale R.; Holmes, Philip V.

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.005

Cited by 97 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 269 publications

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“…(Scale bar: 500 μm.) stress (156)(157)(158)(159). In fact, the 5-HT neurons receive a fairly dense noradrenergic innervation that exerts a tonic excitation via α 1 -adrenoreceptors (160).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression-like behavior in rat: Involvement of galanin receptor subtype 1 in the ventral periaqueductal gray

Wang

Barde

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The neuropeptide galanin coexists in rat brain with serotonin in the dorsal raphe nucleus and with noradrenaline in the locus coeruleus (LC), and it has been suggested to be involved in depression. We studied rats exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS), a rodent model of depression. As expected, these rats showed several endophenotypes relevant to depression-like behavior compared with controls. All these endophenotypes were normalized after administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. The transcripts for galanin and two of its receptors, galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) and GALR2, were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR using laser capture microdissection in the following brain regions: the hippocampal formation, LC, and ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG). Only Galr1 mRNA levels were significantly increased, and only in the latter region. After knocking down Galr1 in the vPAG with an siRNA technique, all parameters of the depressive behavioral phenotype were similar to controls. Thus, the depression-like behavior in rats exposed to CMS is likely related to an elevated expression of Galr1 in the vPAG, suggesting that a GALR1 antagonist could have antidepressant effects.dorsal raphe | neuropeptide | siRNA | stress | transmitter coexistence T he indoleamine hypothesis of depression was formulated some five decades ago (1, 2), in parallel with the catecholamine hypothesis (3, 4), and has been supported by the success of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for treatment of major depression (MD) (5). However, in a considerable number of cases, SSRIs are associated with side effects or lack of efficacy. For example, after treatment with SSRIs, only one-third of patients obtain full remission of symptoms (6). Therefore, there is an ongoing search for new medications targeting mood disorders, such as MD and anxiety. Here, neuropeptides and their receptors, the most diverse family of neurotransmitters in the brain (7), have been extensively explored (5,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17), including galanin and its three receptors.Galanin is a 29-aa (30-aa in humans) neuropeptide (18) with a wide distribution in the rat brain (19,20), where it is coexpressed with noradrenaline/norepinephrine (NA) in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons and with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) neurons (21-25). There are three galanin receptors, GALR1-GALR3, which all belong to the family of seven transmembrane-spanning, G protein-coupled receptors (26-29). They are found in many areas of the rat brain, as first shown with autoradiographic ligand-binding methodology (30, 31), and later with in situ hybridization (ISH)/quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) (32-36). The galanin system has been associated with numerous physiological and pathophysiological functions (29), including depression-and anxiety-like behaviors.There is early evidence from studies on the rat that central administration of galanin influences mood-related behavior in a region-specific way (37, 38), and also that galanin is prodepres...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression-like behavior in rat: Involvement of galanin receptor subtype 1 in the ventral periaqueductal gray

Wang

Barde

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Prolonged access to running wheels has been shown to have anxiolytic effects in laboratory rodents (Duman et al 2008;Greenwood et al 2008;Sciolino and Holmes 2012), whereas the effects of acute exercise on anxiety levels are less clear (Youngstedt et al 1993). Thus, in Greenwood's (2009) study, extinction of a context fear memory may not have been affected by running access as rats exposed to chronic exercise were less Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press on March 21, 2019 -Published by learnmem.cshlp.org Downloaded from anxious or had lower levels of arousal following extinction training and therefore did not show enhanced extinction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bout of voluntary running enhances context conditioned fear, its extinction, and its reconsolidation

2014

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Three experiments used rats to examine the effect of a single bout of voluntary activity (wheel running) on the acquisition, extinction, and reconsolidation of context conditioned fear. In Experiment 1, rats provided with access to a wheel for 3 h immediately before or after a shocked exposure to a context froze more when tested in that context than rats provided with access to the wheels 6 h after the shocked exposure or rats not provided with access to the wheels. In Experiment 2, rats provided with access to the wheels immediately before or after a nonshocked exposure to the conditioned context froze less when tested in that context than rats provided with access to the wheels 6 h after the nonshocked exposure or rats not provided with access to the wheels. In Experiment 3, rats provided with access to wheels immediately after an extended nonshocked exposure to the conditioned context again froze less, whereas rats provided with access to the wheels after a brief nonshocked exposure froze more on the subsequent test than sedentary controls. These results show that a single bout of running can enhance acquisition, extinction, and reconsolidation of context conditioned fear.Pavlovian conditioned fear is thought to contribute to anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress, and extinction of this fear is a goal of exposure-based treatments of post-traumatic stress disorder (Bouton et al. 2001). Hence, there has been interest in identifying variables that regulate the acquisition and extinction of fear responses in animal models in order to better understand posttraumatic stress and develop more effective treatments for this disorder. One of the variables that influence the acquisition of conditioned fear in rodents is a history of exercise. Rodents provided with access to running wheels for several weeks and then shocked in a distinctive context exhibit more fear (typically freezing responses) than sedentary controls (Baruch et al.

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“…Although sports psychiatry has been poorly studied to date, investigations in this field should be emphasized because exercise-induced changes in an athlete's behavior and mental health may affect his/her performance in both individual and team sports [63]. In conjunction with these considerations, studies of the neuroscience of exercise and sports aim to investigate the effects of central changes (neurophysiological and psychological) on athletic performance and mental health [64,65]. …”

Section: Mood and Anxiety: Acute Effects Of Exercise Adherence To Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroscience of Exercise: From Neurobiology Mechanisms to Mental Health

Portugal¹,

Cevada²,

et al. 2013

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The neuroscience of exercise is a growing research area that is dedicated to furthering our understanding of the effects that exercise has on mental health and athletic performance. The present study examined three specific topics: (1) the relationship between exercise and mental disorders (e.g. major depressive disorder, dementia and Parkinson's disease), (2) the effects of exercise on the mood and mental health of athletes, and (3) the possible neurobiological mechanisms that mediate the effects of exercise. Positive responses to regular physical exercise, such as enhanced functional capacity, increased autonomy and improved self-esteem, are frequently described in the recent literature, and these responses are all good reasons for recommending regular exercise. In addition, physical exercise may improve both mood and adherence to an exercise program in healthy individuals and might modulate both the performance and mental health of athletes. Exercise is associated with the increased synthesis and release of both neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, and these increases may be associated with neurogenesis, angiogenesis and neuroplasticity. This review is a call-to-action that urges researchers to consider the importance of understanding the neuroscience of physical exercise and its contributions to sports science.

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Exercise offers anxiolytic potential: A role for stress and brain noradrenergic-galaninergic mechanisms

Cited by 97 publications

References 269 publications

Depression-like behavior in rat: Involvement of galanin receptor subtype 1 in the ventral periaqueductal gray

Depression-like behavior in rat: Involvement of galanin receptor subtype 1 in the ventral periaqueductal gray

A bout of voluntary running enhances context conditioned fear, its extinction, and its reconsolidation

Neuroscience of Exercise: From Neurobiology Mechanisms to Mental Health

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