Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage during submaximal exercise

Epp, T. S.; McDonough, Paul; Padilla, Danielle J.; Gentile, Jessica M.; Edwards, KL; Erickson, Howard H.; Poole, David C.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05595.x

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Excessive pulmonary microvascular wall stress resulting from increased blood flow and/or pressure can compromise the diffusion barrier, leading to interstitial edema (24, 756) or alveolar hemorrhage, for example, in exercising thoroughbred horses (63, 201, 765). Horses can also experience lung injury from excessive transmural pressures transmitted by locomotor impact during galloping (702, 703).…”

Section: Section 3 Air Breathing In Vertebrates: Transition From Watmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Sky

Hsia

Schmitz

Lambertz

et al. 2013

Comprehensive Physiology

277

147

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Life originated in anoxia, but many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for survival, independently evolving diverse respiratory systems for acquiring oxygen from the environment. Ambient oxygen tension (PO2) fluctuated through the ages in correlation with biodiversity and body size, enabling organisms to migrate from water to land and air and sometimes in the opposite direction. Habitat expansion compels the use of different gas exchangers, for example, skin, gills, tracheae, lungs, and their intermediate stages, that may coexist within the same species; coexistence may be temporally disjunct (e.g., larval gills vs. adult lungs) or simultaneous (e.g., skin, gills, and lungs in some salamanders). Disparate systems exhibit similar directions of adaptation: toward larger diffusion interfaces, thinner barriers, finer dynamic regulation, and reduced cost of breathing. Efficient respiratory gas exchange, coupled to downstream convective and diffusive resistances, comprise the “oxygen cascade”—step-down of PO2 that balances supply against toxicity. Here, we review the origin of oxygen homeostasis, a primal selection factor for all respiratory systems, which in turn function as gatekeepers of the cascade. Within an organism's lifespan, the respiratory apparatus adapts in various ways to upregulate oxygen uptake in hypoxia and restrict uptake in hyperoxia. In an evolutionary context, certain species also become adapted to environmental conditions or habitual organismic demands. We, therefore, survey the comparative anatomy and physiology of respiratory systems from invertebrates to vertebrates, water to air breathers, and terrestrial to aerial inhabitants. Through the evolutionary directions and variety of gas exchangers, their shared features and individual compromises may be appreciated.

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Section: Section 3 Air Breathing In Vertebrates: Transition From Watmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Sky

Hsia

Schmitz

Lambertz

et al. 2013

Comprehensive Physiology

277

147

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“…Outrossim, a HPIE foi evidenciada pelo aumento nas quantidades de eritrócitos no LBA na segunda avaliação realizada, o que reduziu significativamente após o período de repouso (Tabela 1). De fato, a contagem total de eritrócitos no fluido do LBA foi o método utilizado por Epp et al (2006) para quantificar a HPIE e, demonstrado como eficiente para avaliar a ocorrência do quadro agudo de hemorragia pulmonar. A não ocorrência de epistaxe nos cavalos avaliados, Silvar et al (2013) Archives of Veterinary Science, v.18, n.3, p.61-67, 2013. associado ao aumento na contagem de eritrócitos pós-competição, condiz com os achados de Meyer et al (1998) que não observou epistaxe ou sinais de HPIE em animais avaliados após o esforço, porém a contagem de eritrócitos no LBA aumentou significativamente após o exercício, retornando aos valores de referencia após uma semana.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Contudo, apesar de aceitar-se que são requeridas pressões elevadas para que ocorra a falência dos capilares pulmonares (West e Mathieu-Costello, 1994), cavalos que realizaram exercício submáximo também apresentaram HPIE (Epp et al, 2006;Viccino, 2007), constituindo um dilema para o entendimento da fisiopatologia da HPIE (West, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Evidência De Hemorragia Pulmonar Induzida Pelo Exercício Em Cavalos De Salto De 1,00 M – 1,20 M

Silva¹,

Eisenback²,

Durães³

et al. 2013

AVS

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RESUMO:O presente estudo avaliou a ocorrência de hemorragia pulmonar induzida pelo exercício (HPIE) em cavalos de hipismo de 1,00m -1,20m. Sete cavalos foram avaliados em três oportunidades, sendo que nas duas primeiras foi através de endoscopia das vias aéreas 60 minutos após o segundo dia de prova, em dois finais de semana de competição. Após a avaliação endoscópica, os animais foram sedados para a colheita do lavado broncoalveolar (LBA), intilando-se 300 mL de solução salina estéril pré-aquecida a 37 0 C e aspirada em seguida. As amostras foram imediatamente centrifugadas e, com o sedimento foram realizadas as contagens total de leucócitos e eritrócitos e, diferencial de células. A terceira avaliação foi realizada após 50 dias de repouso. A presença de sangue no lume traqueal foi graduada de 0 a 4. Nenhum cavalo apresentou epistaxe. Na segunda avaliação endoscópica, apenas um animal apresentou grau 1 de hemorragia. A contagem total de células nucleadas foi maior na segunda avaliação em relação à primeira (83,0 ± 34,8 vs. 55,0 ± 24,5 células/ µL de LBA, p = 0,017) e, reduzindo após o período de repouso (15,5 ± 9,1 vs. 83,0 ± 34,8, células/ µL de LBA, p = 0,003). Na avaliação citológica diferencial 50 dias após a segunda competição, a quantidade percentual de neutrófilos foi maior em relação à primeira (25,9 ± 5,6% vs 17,7 ± 4,3%, p = 0,033) e segunda (25,9 ± 5,6% vs 7,6 ± 7,4%, p = 0,005) avaliações. Somou-se a isto a ocorrência de HPIE, evidenciada pelo aumento de eritrócitos do LBA na segunda avaliação em relação à primeira (5,2 ± 3,1 vs. 0,9 ± 0,4 eritrócitos/ µL de LBA, p = 0,048) e maior quantidade de hemossiderófagos no período de repouso (p = 0,032). Concluiu-se que cavalos que realizam exercícios submáximos estão sujeitos à HPIE e a inflamação pulmonar está associada.Palavras-chave: endoscopia; inflamação pulmonar; neutrófilo; hemossiderófago EVIDENCE OF EXERCISE-INDUCED PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE IN JUMPING HORSES OF 1.00M -1.20MABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the occurrence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in jumping horses of 1.00 m -1.20 m. Seven horses were evaluated three times. Two of the evaluations were performed with airway endoscopy 60 minutes after the second day of competition. Following endoscopy, animals were sedated for the collection of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, instilling 300 mL of sterile saline prewarmed at 37ºC and immediately aspirated. The samples were centrifuged, the cell pellet was used for total nucleated cell count (TNCC), total erythrocyte count and differential cytology. The third evaluation was performed after 50 days of rest following competitions. Presence of blood in the tracheal lumen was graded 0 to 4. Epistaxis was not observed in the evaluated horses. One animal showed grade 1 of EIPH. BAL fluid TNCC was higher in the second evaluation in comparison with the first one (83.0 ± 34.8 vs. 55.0 ± 24.5 cells/µL BAL fluid, p = 0.017), reducing after 50 days of rest (15.5 ± 9.1 vs. 83.0 ± 34.8 cells/µL BAL fluid, p = 0.003). In the BAL differential...

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“…Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) has been utilized for a little over a decade in horses to evaluate the concentration of RBC present in the BAL fluid post-exercise 51 , and is frequently referred to in the equine 2,3,[17][18][19]22,[45][46][47][48][49] and human literature 7,89 to quantify the degree or severity of EIPH. An advantage of BAL is that there is not a precise window of time within which BAL has to be performed, as is the case with endoscopy 2,90 .…”

Section: Methodological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One week after the baseline lavage, the initial post-race lavage was performed c. 2 h post-exercise under general anaesthesia, this sampling procedure examined the number of RBC per millilitre of BAL fluid (which is considered to be a reflection of the amount of blood in the airways post-exercise), which we took as an indirect measure of the relative extent of EIPH 2,3,8,9,[17][18][19]22,23,[45][46][47][48][49] . One week after the baseline lavage, the initial post-race lavage was performed c. 2 h post-exercise under general anaesthesia, this sampling procedure examined the number of RBC per millilitre of BAL fluid (which is considered to be a reflection of the amount of blood in the airways post-exercise), which we took as an indirect measure of the relative extent of EIPH 2,3,8,9,[17][18][19]22,23,[45][46][47][48][49] .…”

Section: Bronchoalveolar Lavagementioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence supporting exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racing greyhounds

Epp

Szladovits

Buchannan

et al. 2008

CEP

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Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is a major health concern in performance horses, but the presence and severity of this condition in racing greyhounds has received little attention. While equids and greyhounds share many physiological attributes, there are important structural and functional differences that may help protect greyhounds from EIPH. We tested the hypothesis that greyhounds performing a simulated 503 m race would experience EIPH and that the time course of recovery would be similar to the horse, even though the severity or relative extent as indexed by the concentration of red blood cells [RBCs] in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid would be lower in comparison with that demonstrated previously in horses. Greyhound dogs (n ¼ 6) raced on two occasions (separated by 7 weeks) and BAL was performed 1 week before, 2 h after and each week for 4 weeks following each race to examine the [RBC], concentration of white blood cells [WBCs], WBC differentials and haemosiderophages in the lungs. Racing increased 10 min post-exercise venous blood [lactate] to 18.6^0.4 mmol l 21 . No epistaxis or pink froth was observed at the nose or mouth of any of the dogs. The [RBC] in the BAL fluid was increased significantly 2 h post-race (baseline ¼ 109.6^11.7 £ 10 3 ; post-race ¼ 292.3^69.9 £ 10 3 RBC ml 21 BAL fluid, P , 0.05) and returned to baseline 1 week post-race (149.2^46.2 £ 10 3 RBC ml 21 BAL fluid, P . 0.05 versus baseline). The number of haemosiderophages was not different for any of the measurement periods. The [WBC] in the BAL fluid decreased from baseline and race values at 2, 3 and 4 weeks post-exercise (all P , 0.05). Alveolar neutrophil concentrations were also decreased from baseline and immediate post-race values for 4 weeks post-race. The increased [RBC] in the BAL fluid post-exercise is consistent with the presence of EIPH in these greyhounds. However, the relative extent of EIPH in greyhounds (as indexed by [RBC] in the BAL fluid), as compared with that in the horse, was mild, and the lack of elevation of WBC suggests that, unlike their equine counterparts, inflammatory airway disease was absent.

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Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage during submaximal exercise

Abstract: Consideration of strategies such as the equine nasal strip for reducing negative extravascular pressures is warranted even for exercise at moderate intensities.

Cited by 25 publications

References 32 publications

Evolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Sky

Evolution of Air Breathing: Oxygen Homeostasis and the Transitions from Water to Land and Sky

Evidência De Hemorragia Pulmonar Induzida Pelo Exercício Em Cavalos De Salto De 1,00 M – 1,20 M

Evidence supporting exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racing greyhounds

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